Mechanisms Antibiotic of selection Strains Descriptive study Functional study References
TA systems
abkA/abkB -Imipenem (10 × MIC) -Imipenem combined with chlorhexidine (0.25 × MIC) References ATCC 19606, &17978 + clinical isolate Ab-2_clon_2010-CHLX × [53]
RelB/RelE × [45], [46], [61]
HigBAb/HigAAb -Ceftazidime (50 × MIC) Reference ATCC 19606 × [113]
hicA/hicB -Ciprofloxacin (50 × MIC) Reference ATCC 17978 × [63]
PPK -Ampicillin (40 × MIC) Reference ATCC 17978 × [68]
Secondary messenger
(p)ppGpp relA -Colistin (50 × MIC) -Rifampin (80 × MIC) Clinical isolate 5075 + its mutant ΔrelA × [80]
SOS response -Ciprofloxacin (50 × MIC) -Ciprofloxacin (10 mg/L) -Imipenem (10 mg/L) Reference ATCC 17978 Reference ATCC 19606 + two clinical strains × × [63] [105]
ROS -Amikacin (2 × MIC) -Carbenicillin (5 × MIC) clinical isolate M22 × [111]
Membrane changes -Ciprofloxacin (100 × MIC) -Meropenem (15 × MIC) -Meropenem (100 × MIC + 10 × MIC) Reference ATCC 19606T Clinical isolate Acb-1 Clinical isolate AYE × × × [123] [124] [125]
PAA operon -Ceftazidime (50 × MIC) Reference ATCC 19606 × [113]