Two-dimensional (2D) echocardiography was performed within 1 month before CA and at 6 months of follow-up. Comprehensive transthoracic echocardiography was performed using commercially available equipment (Vivid 7 or Vivid E95; GE Vingmed Ultrasound AS; Horten, Norway). LV end-diastolic and LA diameters were measured using 2D echocardiography according to the recommended criteria.14 LV ejection fraction (LVEF) was calculated from 2D recordings using the modified biplane Simpson’s method. The LA volume was assessed using the modified biplane area-length method and indexed to the body surface area. Doppler flow and tissue Doppler imaging measurements were performed to assess conventional diastolic parameters. During AF rhythm before CA, the peak early (E) diastolic velocity was assessed from the mitral inflow velocity pattern. Mitral annular motion velocity was recorded from the septal corner of the mitral annulus in the apical 4-chamber view using pulsed tissue Doppler. The peak early diastolic velocity (e’) of the annulus was measured, and the ratio of the peak early diastolic transmitral flow velocity to the annular velocity (E/e’) was calculated. The average of 5 consecutive Doppler signals was used for all measurements.