Lactate vs butyrate production during mixed culture glucose fermentation
driven by substrate availability as determined by metaproteomics
Abstract
Mixed-culture fermentation provides a means to recycle carbon from
complex organic waste streams into valuable feedstock chemicals. Using
complex microbial consortia, individual systems can be tuned to produce
a range of biochemicals to meet market demand. However, the metabolic
mechanisms and community interactions which drive product expression
changes under differing conditions are currently poorly understood.
Furthermore, predictable product transitions are currently limited to
pH-driven changes between butyrate and ethanol, and chain-elongation
(fed by CO2, acetate, and ethanol) to butyrate, valerate, and hexanoate.
Lactate, a high-value biopolymer feedstock chemical, has been observed
in transition states, but sustained production has not been described.
In this work, a continuous stirred bioreactor was operated at low pH
(5.5) with substrate concentration varied between limiting and
non-limiting conditions. Using glucose as a model substrate, two
sustained operational states were defined: butyrate production during
substrate limitation, and lactate production in the non-limited state.
Through SWATH-MS metaproteomics and 16S rDNA community profiling, the
mechanism of change between butyrate and lactate was described primarily
by redirected carbon flow through the methylglyoxal bypass by
Megasphaera under substrate non-limiting concentrations. Crucially,
butyrate production resumed upon return to substrate-limited conditions,
demonstrating the reversibility of this transition.