The production of recombinant proteins usually reduces cell fitness and the growth rate of producing cells. The growth disadvantage favors faster-growing non-producer mutants. Therefore, continuous bioprocessing is hardly feasible in Escherichia coli due to the high escape rate. We investigated the stability of E. coli expression systems under long-term production conditions and how metabolic load triggered by recombinant gene expression influences the characteristics of mutations. We conducted iterated fed-batch-like microbioreactor cultivations under production conditions. We used the easy-to-produce green fluorescent protein (GFP) and a challenging antigen-binding fragment (Fab) as model proteins, and BL21(DE3) and BL21^Q strains as expression hosts. In comparative whole genome sequencing analyses, we identified mutations that allowed cells to grow unhindered despite recombinant protein production. A T7 RNA polymerase expression system is only conditionally suitable for long-term cultivation under production conditions. Mutations leading to non-producers occur in either the T7 RNA polymerase gene or the T7 promoter. The host RNA polymerase-based BL21^Q expression system remained stable in the production of GFP in long-term cultivations. For the production of Fab, mutations in lacI of the BL21^Q derivatives had positive effects on long-term stability. Our results indicate that adaptive evolution carried out with genome-integrated E. coli expression systems in microtiter cultivations under industrial relevant production conditions is an efficient strain development tool for production hosts.