Biophysical Basis of Thermometry Limitations to Control COVID-19 are Overcome at Transmissive Skin Overlying Brain-eyelid Thermal Tunnels
Abstract
Essential to management of pandemics, noninvasive thermometry has been hampered by inaccuracies and inconsistencies, due to measurements on low thermal conductivity (k) surfaces we show here, which have precluded effective assessment of febrile states for centuries. Discovery of brain-eyelid thermal tunnels (BTT) identified undisturbed thermal transmission from brain. We here report a series of integrated anatomic, histologic, thermal emissive, thermal physiologic and thermometric studies designed to identify, characterize and overcome the biophysical limitations of surface thermometry as currently used worldwide to control COVID-19, which primarily relies on non-contact forehead thermometry. However, the forehead has thick and variable dermis (~2000 µm to ~2500 µm) and fat layers (~1100 µm to ~2800 µm) resulting in low-k insulation equivalent to wood. During thermal emission, the highest skin temperature at forehead, present in only ~3.1% of forehead, averaged 1.07±0.49°C (mean±SD) less than over BTT (p=0.008, two-tailed paired t-test). Thermometric studies (without correction factor) revealed 1.97°C higher temperature at BTT site (BTT°) than forehead. Facial fanning caused 3.5°C reduction in forehead temperature, which do not compromise BTT site, attributable to impact on non-BTT surface sites by highly variable surface vasculature. Cerebral hemisphere dominance studies uncovered higher BTT° in the dominant side (P<0.001 for 0.14°C difference). Like BTT, superior palpebral vein region has thin dermis (~900 µm) and is fat-free, however, BTT has higher intensity light emission due to heat transfer from underlying brain tunnel. Findings bring a new dimension for combating COVID-19 that is aligned with physics and biology, and without any cost whatsoever and undue burden, current worldwide suboptimal low-k thermometry can be immediately and conveniently enhanced by brain-enabled thermo-physical based high-k signal conversion, which can be easily implemented by any country, community or individual in the world.