Risk factors for death and illness in dogs imported into the United
States, 2010--2018
Abstract
CDC estimates 1 million dogs are imported into the United States
annually. With the movement of large numbers of animals into the United
States the risk of disease importation is a concern, especially for
emerging diseases. Dogs that arrive to the United States ill or dead are
investigated by public health authorities to ensure dogs are not
infected with diseases of concern (such as rabies). We identified
factors associated with illness and death in imported dogs and estimated
the initial investigation cost to public health authorities. Dog
importation data from the CDC’s Quarantine Activity Reporting System
were reviewed from 2010–2018. The date of entry, country of origin,
port of entry, transportation method, and breed were extracted to
examine factors associated with illness and death in dogs during
international travel. Costs for public health investigations were
estimated from data collected by the Bureau of Labor Statistics and
Office of Personal Management. Death or illness was more likely to occur
in brachycephalic breeds (aOR=3.88, 95%CI 2.74–5.51). Transportation
of dogs via cargo (aOR=2.41, 95%CI 1.57–3.70) or as checked baggage
(aOR=5.74, 95%CI 3.65–9.03) were also associated with death or
illness. On average, 19 dog illnesses or deaths were reported annually
from 2010–2018. The estimated annual cost to public health authorities
to conduct initial public health assessments ranged from
$2,071–$104,648. Current regulations do not provide adequate
resources or mechanisms to monitor the rates of morbidity and mortality
of imported dogs. There are growing attempts to assess animal welfare
and communicable disease importation risks; however, responsibility for
dogs’ health and well-being is overseen by multiple agencies. A joint
federal agency approach to identify interventions that reduce dog
morbidity and mortality during flights while continuing to protect U.S.
borders from public health and foreign animal disease threats could be
beneficial.