Human Parainfluenza 2 & 4: clinical and genetic epidemiology in the UK,
2013-2017, reveals distinct disease features and co-circulating genomic
subtypes
Abstract
Background Human Parainfluenza viruses (HPIV) comprise of four members
of the genetically distinct genera of Respirovirus (HPIV1&3) and
Orthorubulavirus (HPIV2&4), causing significant upper and lower
respiratory tract infections worldwide, particularly in children.
However, despite frequent molecular diagnosis, they are frequently
considered collectively or with HPIV4 overlooked entirely. We therefore
investigated clinical and viral epidemiological distinctions of the
relatively less prevalent Orthorubulaviruses HPIV2&4 at a regional UK
hospital across four autumn/winter epidemic seasons. Methods A
retrospective audit of clinical features of all HPIV2 or HPIV4
RT-PCR-positive patients, diagnosed between 1st September 2013 and 12th
April 2017 was undertaken, alongside sequencing of viral genome
fragments in a representative subset of samples. Results Infection was
observed across all age groups, but predominantly in children under nine
and adults over 40, with almost twice as many HPIV4 as HPIV2 cases.
Fever, abnormal haematology, elevated C-reactive protein and hospital
admission were more frequently seen in HPIV2 than HPIV4 infection. Each
of the four seasonal peaks of either HPIV2, HPIV4 or both, closely
matched that of RSV, occurring in November and December and preceding
that of Influenza A. A subset of viruses were partially sequenced,
indicating co-circulation of multiple subtypes of both HPIV2&4, but
with little variation between each epidemic season or from limited
global reference sequences. Conclusions Despite being closest known
genetic relatives, our data indicates a potential difference in
associated disease between HPIV2 and HPIV4, with more hospitalisation
seen in HPIV2 mono-infected individuals, but a greater overall number of
HPIV4 cases.