Investigating the effect of soil cracks on preferential flow using
ground-penetration radar surveys and infiltration experiment in karst,
Southwest China
Abstract
Soil cracks significantly affect preferential flow; however, there are
some uncertainties associated with the effect of soil cracks on
preferential flow in karst areas in southwest China. In this study,
ground-penetrating radar (GPR) was applied to pedons to investigate the
soil crack properties (inclusion, width, and configuration). Blue dye
tracing experiments were designed, based on geophysical detection
results, to assess the influences of inclusions (sand grains and rock
fragments), crack width (1, 1.5, and 2 cm), and configuration (I-shape,
V-shape, and Λ-shape) on the preferential flow. Our results indicated
that (1) GPR envelope can describe the configuration of isolated soil
cracks; (2) the Brilliant Blue FCF (C.I. Food Blue 2) infiltration rate
and depth were over 1.5 times slower and 1.2–3.8 times lower those of
water, respectively, during infiltration; (3) soil cracks can accelerate
infiltration and increase the maximum dye-penetration depth, cumulative
infiltration, and wetting front depth by at least an average of 5.2%
and 63.2%, respectively; and (4) the I- and Λ-shaped soil crack
configurations contributed to preferential flow, while the flow was not
observed along the V-shaped configuration crack pore paths. The I-shaped
configurations, with a width of 1.5 cm, were filled with rock fragments
and had higher preferential flow ratios (18.2%–52.3%) and length
indexes (4.0%–33.8%) than those of other configurations. Inclusions,
crack widths, and configurations had significant influences on
preferential flow ( p < 0.05). The influence of soil
crack properties on preferential flow cannot be neglected during
vegetation restoration and groundwater security processes in karst
areas.