Abstract
The three lowest spin states (S=0,1,2) of twelve representative
Na13+ isomers have been studied using
both, KS-DFT via three hybrid density functionals, and benchmark
multireference CASSCF and CASPT2 methods with a couple of Dunning’s
correlation consistent basis sets. CASSCF(12,12) geometry optimizations
were carried out. Since 12 electrons in 12 active orbitals span the
chemically-significant complete valence space, the results of the
present study provide benchmarks for
Na13+. The CASPT2(12,12)/cc-pVTZ*
lowest energy structures are three nearly degenerate singlets (S=0): an
isomer formed from two pentagonal bipyramids fused together (PBPb), a
capped centered-squared antiprism [CSAP-(1,3)] and an optimum
tetrahedral OPTET(II) structure, the last two lying 0.88 and 1.63
kcal/mol above the first, respectively. The lowest triplet (S=1) and
quintet (S=2) states lie 4.33 and 3.77 kcal/mol above the singlet global
minimum, respectively. The latter is a deformed icosahedron while the
former is a CSAP-(1,3). The flatness of the potential energy surface of
this cluster suggests a rather strong dynamical character at finite
temperature. Prediction of the lowest energy structures and electronic
properties is crucially sensitive both to non-dynamical and dynamical
electron correlation treatment. The CASPT2 vertical ionization energy is
3.66 eV, in excellent agreement with the $3.6 \pm 0.1$
eV experimental figure. All the isomers are found to have a strong
multireference character, thus making Kohn-Sham density functional
theory fundamentally inappropriate for these systems. Only large
multiconfigurational complete active space self-consistent field
(CASSCF) wavefunctions provide a reliable zeroth-order description; then
the dynamic correlation effects must be properly taken into account for
a truly accurate account of the structural and energetic features of
alkali-metal clusters.