Fine Tuning Rigid Body Docking Results Using the Dreiding Force Field: A
Computational Study of 36 Known Nanobody-Protein Complexes
Abstract
This paper aims to understand the binding strategies of a
nanobody-protein pair by studying known complexes. Rigid body
protein-ligand docking programs produce several complexes, called
decoys, which are good candidates with high scores of shape
complementarity, electrostatic interactions, desolvation, buried surface
area, and Lennard-Jones potentials. It is not known which decoy
represents the true structure. We studied thirty-seven nanobody-protein
complexes from the Single Domain Antibody Database, sd-Ab DB,
[http://www.sdab-db.ca/](http://www.sdab-db.ca/). For each
structure, a large number of decoys are generated using the Fast Fourier
Transform algorithm of the software ZDOCK. The decoys were ranked
according to their target protein-nanobody interaction energies,
calculated by using the Dreiding Force Field, with rank 1 having the
lowest interaction energy. Out of thirty-six PDB structures, twenty-five
true structures were predicted as rank 1. Eleven of the remaining
structures required Ã…ngstrom size rigid body translations of the
nanobody relative to the protein to match the given PDB structure. After
the translation the Dreiding interaction (DI) energies of all complexes
decreased and became rank 1. In one case, rigid body rotations as well
as translations of the nanobody were required for matching the crystal
structure. We used a Monte Carlo algorithm that randomly translates and
rotates the nanobody of a decoy and calculates the DI energy. Results
show that rigid body translations and the DI energy are sufficient for
determining the correct binding location and pose of ZDOCK created
decoys. A survey of the sd-Ab DB showed that each nanobody makes at
least one salt bridge with its partner protein, indicating that salt
bridge formation is an essential strategy in nanobody-protein
recognition. Based on the analysis of the thirty-six crystal structures
and evidence from existing literature, we propose a set of principles
that could be used in the design of nanobodies.