Age-related histological and ultrastructural features of the tongue of
the Mallard domestic duck, Anas platyrhynchos f. domestica, Anatidae
(Linnaeus, 1758) in different two age stages (post-hatching and adult)
captured from Egypt
Abstract
The domestic duck is classified as a specialist filter-feeder bird
living in the water. These birds also use grazing and pecking as
terrestrial feeding methods. The tongues of domestic ducks, similar to
those of other Anseriformes, exhibit numerous types and shapes of
mechanical papillae that serve a number of purposes when collecting
food. Purpose: The current study attempts to describe the
morphological characteristics of the tongue as well as the mechanical
papillae’s development. In addition, the study aims to determine whether
the papillae observed post-hatching exhibit similar morphology to those
found in adult avian species, as well as to investigate the readiness of
the tongue to fulfill its feeding function following hatching. The
comprehensive examination of lingual mucosa is examined about the
structural modifications necessary for this variety of feeding
activities. Methods: In this study, the tongues of nine young
and adult females were used. Results: The tongue had three
distinct parts: the apex, which had a lingual nail on its ventral
surface; the body, which exhibits numerous small and large conical
papillae on its lateral sides and a lingual prominence in the caudal
region; and the root, which is covered with numerous conical papillae of
varying sizes. Conical, filiform, and hair-like mechanical papillae, the
three types of food filtration apparatus, are present in both stages.
The intra-oral transfer involves several structures, including the
median groove, lingual combs, and the rostral border of the lingual
prominence. The rostral border of the lingual prominence is
characterized by distinct rows of conical papillae. The histological
analysis demonstrated the presence of both keratinized and
non-keratinized epithelium on different tongue regions. The lingual
salivary glands in the rostral and caudal lingual salivary glands
exhibit a pronounced periodic acid–Schiff (PAS)-positive reaction.
Additionally, the yellow adipose tissue and sensory receptors, namely
the Grandry and Herbst corpuscles, which collectively form the
bill-tongue organ that monitors the movement of food. Research
highlights, these results conclude the presence of microstructural
species-specific alterations in specific tongue areas of domestic ducks’
lingual mucosa. These modifications are formed by the filtering
mechanism and terrestrial feeding mechanisms such as grazing or pecking.
Following hatching, the tongue of the domestic duck undergoes
significant development, primarily in preparation for grazing
activities. The anatomical and histological structure of the young
tongue exhibited similarities to that of the adult domestic duck while
also displaying certain variations that could potentially be attributed
to the bird’s habitat and mode of feeding.