Beyond the Surface: Mesophotic Reefs as Potential Refuges for Shallow
Fish Assemblages
Abstract
The Deep Reef Refugia Hypothesis suggests that disturbances decrease
with increasing depth, thus, reefs at the mesophotic zone potentially
serve as refuges for communities found in shallower areas. This study
aimed to evaluate fish diversity at shallow and mesophotic reefs at
Parque Nacional Espíritu Santo (PNZMAES) and compare them to determine
if deep reefs indeed serve as refuges for shallow communities. During
2021-2022 we conducted five-minute video-transects using remotely
operated vehicles to document species richness and abundance at shallow
and mesophotic habitats. For the recorded species, six biological traits
were compiled (length, mobility, position, gregariousness, diet, and
activity period) to estimate four functional indices (number of
entities, richness, originality, and divergence) as well as Hill’s
numbers for taxonomic and functional indices. Furthermore, monthly water
turbidity (Kd490) satellite data products were transformed into a light
attenuation coefficient (KdPAR) to locate the mesophotic zone (area
between 10 and 0.1% of light penetration). At PNZMAES, the mesophotic
zone was identified to extend to 21 m under optimal conditions (high
stratification and low primary production), which is shallower compared
to what is typically observed in oligotrophic regions. The PERMANOVA
revealed significant variations in reef fish composition across spatial
(site and zone) and temporal (season and year) dimensions. Additionally,
univariate tests of functional richness, originality, and taxonomic
Hill’s numbers exhibited significantly higher values in the shallow
zone. However, functional divergence and functional Hill’s numbers
indicated similarities in fish assemblages. Despite differences in fish
taxonomic diversity among zones that could be related to less habitat
complexity, environmental variation, and resource availability at deep
strata, mesophotic reef fish assemblages presented similar functions.
This maintenance of functions at mesophotic reefs suggests connectivity
between zones and their potential role as a partial refugia in the face
of current and near-future disturbances that could affect shallow zones.