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Phylogeography of horseshoe bat sarbecoviruses in Vietnam and neighbouring countries. Implications for the origins of SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2
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  • Alexandre Hassanin,
  • Vuong Tu,
  • Tamás Görföl,
  • Lam Ngon,
  • Phu Pham,
  • Chu Hang,
  • Tran Tuan,
  • Matthieu Prot,
  • Etienne Simon-Loriere,
  • Gábor Kemenesi,
  • Gábor Tóth,
  • Laurent Moulin,
  • Sébastien Wurtzer
Alexandre Hassanin
Sorbonne Université

Corresponding Author:[email protected]

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Vuong Tu
Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology Institute of Ecology and Biological Resources
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Tamás Görföl
Hungarian Natural History Museum
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Lam Ngon
Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology Institute of Ecology and Biological Resources
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Phu Pham
Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology Institute of Ecology and Biological Resources
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Chu Hang
Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology Institute of Ecology and Biological Resources
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Tran Tuan
Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology Institute of Ecology and Biological Resources
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Matthieu Prot
Institut Pasteur
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Etienne Simon-Loriere
Institut Pasteur
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Gábor Kemenesi
University of Pécs
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Gábor Tóth
University of Pécs
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Laurent Moulin
Eau de Paris
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Sébastien Wurtzer
Eau de Paris
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Abstract

Previous studies on horseshoe bats (Rhinolophus spp.) have described many coronaviruses related to SARS-CoV (SARSCoVr) in China and only a few coronaviruses related to SARS-CoV-2 (SARSCoV2r) in Yunnan (southern China), Cambodia, Laos and Thailand. Here, we report the results of several field missions carried out in 2017, 2021 and 2022 across Vietnam during which 1,218 horseshoe bats were sampled from 19 locations. Sarbecoviruses were detected in 11% of faecal RNA extracts, with much more positives for Rhinolophus thomasi (46%). We assembled 38 Sarbecovirus genomes, including 32 SARSCoVr, four SARSCoV2r; and two recombinants of SARSCoVr and SARSCoV2r (RecSar), one showing a Spike protein very similar to SARS-CoV-2. We detected a bat co-infected with four coronaviruses, including two sarbecoviruses. Our analyses revealed that Sarbecovirus genomes evolve in Vietnam under strong geographic and host constraints. First, we found evidence for a deep separation between viruses from northern Vietnam and those from central and southern Vietnam. Second, we detected only SARSCoVr in Rhinolophus thomasi, both SARSCoVr and SARSCoV2r in Rhinolophus affinis, and only RecSar in Rhinolophus pusillus captured close to the border with China. Third, the bias in favour of Uracil in synonymous third codon-positions of SARSCoVr viruses showed a negative correlation with latitudes. Our results also provided support for an emergence of SARS-CoV in horseshoe bats from northern Yunnan and emergence of SARS-CoV-2 in horseshoe bats from northern Indochina subtropical forests (southern Yunnan, northern Laos and north-western Vietnam).
17 May 2024Submitted to Molecular Ecology
26 Jun 2024Review(s) Completed, Editorial Evaluation Pending
16 Jul 20241st Revision Received
17 Jul 2024Review(s) Completed, Editorial Evaluation Pending
17 Jul 2024Submission Checks Completed
17 Jul 2024Assigned to Editor
19 Jul 2024Editorial Decision: Accept