Faeces, feathers and flight: understanding of escape behaviour in
incubating Eurasian woodcocks (Scolopax rusticola)
Abstract
Predation is a leading cause of breeding failure as well as adult
mortality in majority of bird species, prompting the evolution of
various anti-predator behaviours. Among these, cryptic breeding birds
often rely on strategies such as nest concealment and reduced activity
to avoid detection. However, in some of them were observed also more
active responses, such as defecation, when flushed from their nests. In
this study, we investigate this behaviour in incubating female Eurasian
woodcocks (Scolopax rusticola) using a large dataset of nest photographs
sourced from various open-source internet platforms. Our analysis
reveals that signs of defecation are obvious in 54% of nests photos.
Moreover in 67% nests are visible freshly moulted feathers around the
nest, indicating possible application of fright moulting — a behaviour
not previously documented in this context. We give both these behaviours
into the common context and suggests that may primarily serve to aid the
female’s escape rather than to protect the nest, though their
effectiveness as anti-predator strategies remain uncertain. The presence
of faeces and feathers may, in fact, increase the risk of nest predation
by making the nest more conspicuous to predators. Our findings thus also
emphasize the importance of minimising nest disturbance during research
to preserve the integrity of nest environment. We show that open-source
platforms can provide valuable data for studies of breeding behaviour in
wild birds.