Papaverine targets STAT signaling: a dual-action therapy option against
SARS-CoV-2
Abstract
Papaverine (PV) has been previously identified as a promising candidate
in SARS-CoV-2 repurposing screens. In this study, we further
investigated both its antiviral and immunomodulatory properties. PV
displayed antiviral efficacy against SARS-CoV-2 and influenza A virus
(IAV) H1N1 and H5N1 in single infection as well as in co-infection. We
demonstrated PV´s activity against various SARS-CoV-2 variants and
identified its action at post-entry stage of the viral life cycle.
Notably, treatment of air-liquid interface (ALI) cultures of primary
bronchial epithelial cells with PV significantly inhibited SARS-CoV-2
levels. Additionally, PV was found to attenuate interferon (IFN)
signaling independently of viral infection. Mechanistically, PV
decreased the activation of the IFN-stimulated response element (ISRE)
following stimulation with all three IFN types by suppressing STAT1 and
STAT2 phosphorylation and nuclear translocation. Furthermore, the
combination of PV with approved COVID-19 therapeutics molnupiravir and
remdesivir demonstrated synergistic effects. Given its immunomodulatory
effects and clinical availability, PV shows promising potential as a
component for combination therapy against COVID-19.