After the Helsinki Observatory was closed down in 2010, the resources available to astronomy underwent a radical change. One shelf kilometer of printed materials melted down to a small fraction by 2014. As for collection management and development, Helsinki University Library has replaced the former Department of Astronomy. Has the big change been to better or worse? The answer was sought with a variety of methods, including cited sources analysis for papers and theses, user surveys and an inventory of electronic resources. The results were compared to earlier ones from a 2004 assessment. The question posed by the author at the LISA VI conference regarding the trend of A&A citations after institutional merger was also revisited. All approaches give similar results: the changes seem to have given a boost to the productivity of Helsinki astronomers.

IntroductionThis document describes some ideas for laboratory works in the MSc degree program in physics using commercially available X-ray Micro-CT equipment as well as our inhouse built micro-diffraction equipment. At our university (University of Helsinki) such laboratory works give 3-4 ECTS depending on the amount of work, so the total work amount should be kept between 70 to 100 hours maximum. In practice the measurements take only a few hours, and therefore the major part of the work is the perparation by learning about the theory and practice, and then the data analysis and reporting. One of the main ideas in the physics laboratory works for students is to learn to design experiments in order to test theories or observe quantitatively some phenomena of interest.  The experiment can be include building of equipment (such as electronics or optical systems), or it can be an experiment made with a readily existing equipment. In the case of X-ray microtomography the student is typically using the existing equipment for performing X-ray imaging, and due to the short nature of the visit at the lab these imaging experiments are typically made under guidance of an experienced person, so as not to make the equipment use the primary goal of the laboratory work. Here is a list of topics that either have good potential to be used as lab works, and some other topics that may not be as good but which have already been used for some students. Some of the topics are very simple in principle, so that a student can get on with the lab work without having to exceed the 70 to 100 hour limit. There should however be more difficult topics that may require extra work for those students who are looking for extra challenge and are willing to work more to learn more. Physical concepts that are present in MicroCT and micro-diffraction experimentsFirst there are some fundamental concepts that are present in the experimental apparatus and techniques. Some of these form already suitable topics for students to try to understand the technique and learn more about specific aspects:X-ray absorption in matterX-ray production with x-ray tubesX-ray detection physicsX-ray phase shiftSignals and noisePhysical approximations and tomographic reconstructionDiffraction, interference and atomic and molecular orderingThen another side is the physics in the system under study. This is a much wider field, and we should try to find some examples where the physics can really be analyzed based on the image data. Calculating numbers such as porosity or surface area is possible for students to do, but this is not yet a physical insight. Some of the students did exactly this, but the results were not very good from the learning point of view. To really understand some physics of a material, several measurements are probably necessary. We should try to find materials science lab works that offer high quality insights, that are well defined (so that we know a good student will get reasobale results), and that do not require too many hours of machine time. Here are list of potential physical aspects that could be interesting to look at:packing of powders (what is the physics???)cracking of a material under controlled conditions (what is the physics???)physics of percolation (in 2D images) (what is the physics???)numerical modelling of properties (mechanical, fluid flow, heat flow) based on microCT imagesList of Topics Available Now or Possibly in the FutureContrast, SNR and sensitivity. In this work the student measures how small differences in material properties can be seen in the micro-CT images. The experimental setting can be for example to measure tubes that have water with different concentrations of salt dissolved in it. By choosing suitable amounts of salt the student can extrapolate to get the limit of detection under given experimental conditions.Image resolution.  In this work the student prepares to measure the image resolution. The student should come to understand difference sources of blurring in the image, i.e. the detector point spread function and the source size. These have a different contribution at different magnifications. The source size effect can be measured using a structured sample at sufficiently high magnifications (few levels of zoom required for good accuracy). The detector PSF can be measured when doing a low resolution scan, although a slanted knife edge measurement would probably be the best. We do not have really a proper test pattern for these measurements. The student also does not a priori know at all in which ballpark these figures will be, so it will be difficult to independently plan the measurements.Classification of materials based on the X-ray image. If we have known material compositions, eg. Al, polymer, graphite, the student could make a microCT measurement, and then the main part of the work would be to show why the materials have differing contrast. In this work the planning stage is not emphasized if the form of the work is like this, we shouls still add a part that makes it necessary for the student to do some preliminary work to plan the experiment. Testing the exponential absorption law. The student would use known materials of known thickness to see how the absorption works. There will probably be some discrepancy with the exponential form due to the polychromatic nature of the beam. The student could study this phenomenon and report their findings. We have to test this ourselves, does it make any sense, but one could probably get a value for an effective µ for each material that fulfills the exponential law sufficiently well that would be \(\mu_\mathrm{eff} = \mu(E_\mathrm{eff})\). Probably the student would find that for different materials the \(E_\mathrm{eff}\) do not agree due to different amount of beam hardening in the materials. Then the student could also make a CT scan to see how the beam hardening causes artefacts in the image. More advanced students could try to find a way to undo the beam hardening at the projection level based on the calibration images from known thickness materials. Phase contrast imaging. Use propagation based phase contrast to get an image of  a thin nylon thread. The edge enhancement effect is visible at high magnifications, and some comparison with theoretical values could be made. Then additionally the task would be to do phase retrieval to get back to the electron density. This is quite demanding from the point of view of the equipment, but should give some reasonable results according to our own preliminary tests. Some edge enhancement contrast can be seen both in the Bruker equipment as well as the GE equipment. The student could compare these two devices as well as their generalized coherence lengths.Micro-diffraction study of crystalline and amorphous materials. SNR and tomographic reconstruction. In this work special attention is paid to the SNR properties of the reconstructed image. Tradeoff between projection SNR, number of projections and the resulting slice could be studied. For more advanced students special reconstruction methods including regularization could be used. For this to work we need to work in the fan geometry (to be simple), and we should have a set of standard macros for octave where the student can take the data and start experimenting different things.Detectability of pores at different scanning resolutions. The student would image a porous sample, using at least two different image resolutions. The idea is to get an impression on how small pores can be detected at a given pixel size, and then the higher resolution scan would show what was missed. For example one could use 40 µm pixel size and 10 µm pixel size. It would be also possible to use more time for this, and make several scans. One could work in the regime that is limited by the magnification and detector pixel size, and then approach the lower end where the source becomes a limitation. The result would be a guide that shows what pore sizes at each resolution could be reliably detected.

Introduction Seeing organizing as a dynamic, emergent process supported by different discursive practices allows researchers to problematize the whole concept of organization and the practice of organizing (e.g., Barker, 2014; Ganesh & Stohl, 2014; Hecksher & Donnellon, 1994). Online environments have offered new ways for citizens to participate in political activities and create collective action. .... social movements Simultaneously digital participation has been criticized of being a form a slacktivism, a form of activism where people show support to an issue only virtually without any physical effects in order to satisfy their own urge for contribution \cite[cf.]{Christensen_2011}. Such behaviour is particularly easy on social media platforms, where showing support takes place only by clicking, liking, and sharing. However, such a view exhibits a disparaging attitude towards the significance of communication processes in defining and framing the society and political issues. suggests communication should be put it the centre of analysis of collective action and political agency. According to her, communicative action emerges in conversations and is solidified in texts. Social media, in particular, allows more decentralized forms of both communication and action \cite[cf.][]{Castells2009}. Bechmann and Lomborg (2012) describe social media as a form of communication that is de-institutionalized, produced by the users, and taking place in an interactive and networked manner. As the support can be given only through cliks, it makes it possible to give support without risk and great commitment. hence the case Loldiers of Odin is a Finnish activist group, born January 2016 as a parody to the anti-immigration group Soldiers of Odin. The group makes all their public appearances disguised, dressed as clowns. We conceptualize this phenomenon as a form of cultural/political jamming a creative way to counter-communicate to the racist movement of Soldiers of Odin. The group exists both as a material entity on the streets but also as a digital entity. We argue that it is in particular the digital side of the group that gives the (organizational) meaning to the group activity. The purpose of this paper is to... Analytically we build on the premises of the CCO approach, that sees communication as constitutive of organizations. In this view organizations are seen as negotiated orders that are continually modified through communicative practices, formed and existing in language use and its various manifestations from documents to conversations (e.g., Scherer, 2003; Kuhn, 2008; Cooren, 2004). From this perspective the focus of investigation thus encompasses both the situated performances or interactions as well as the more stable, transcendent structures and artefacts, such as different texts (Brummans, Cooren, Robichaud, & Taylor., 2014, p. 187). Theoretical background Kavada, A. (2015). Creating the collective: social media, the Occupy Movement and its constitution as a collective actor. Information, Communication & Society, 18(8), 872–886. http://doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2015.1043318 Social Movements Social movements are a form of collective action. Following the approach of Flanagin, Stohl and Bimber (2006, p. 32) collective action can be defined as an inherently communicative phenomenon that includes connecting people through their interest in a public good, communicating messages to these people as well as coordinating, integrating and synchronizing the contributions of these individuals. From organization studies perspective social organizations and collective action have been important objects of study, since social movements can create new, lighter forms of organizing (e.g., Rao, Morrill, & Zald, 2000). Bennett and Segerberg (2013): - the coordination mechanisms of social media platforms bring individuals together without the need for a co-herent collective identity or any formal organization. - more individualized publics - "Flanagin, Stohl and Bimber (2006) assert that collective action is a communicative phenomenon, ‘involving the crossing of boundaries between private and public life’ (p. 32)." Culture jamming Culture jamming is a term that refers to creating a remix of known content such as an image to incorporate critical perspectives to it \cite[e.g., ]{Wiggins_2014}. disruptive tactics of political parody and satire Organizations as networks of communication The CCO perspective sees text and conversation as the two building blocks of organizing (Ascraft et al., 2009; Taylor & Van Every, 2000; Kuhn, 2008). Conversations are the situational communicative actions, interaction through language. Texts are the both the output and input of conversations, substances behind conversations. A continuous loop of translation from text to conversation and vice versa is taking place in organizing in the form of communication episodes (Taylor et al., 1996; Blaschke et al., 2012). [jotain lisää CCO] There are different streams within the CCO literature Methodologically the CCO perspective has mostly trusted on qualitative methodologies, such as conversation analysis or ethnographic accounts. However, aim to build a more methodologically rigid approach to CCO buy building on networks and network analysis. They suggest that networks of communication or communication episodes are formed inside an organization around symbolic or material elements (Blaschke et al., 2012, Taylor et al., 1996). Thus, starting from the communication perspective organizations can be defined as forming of networks of communication instances such as conversations (Ford, 1999), which makes them pluralistic and polyphonic by nature (Hazen, 1993). To get a picture of the whole organization these instances of communication should thus be studied in relation to another. Network analysis is s versatile method, which in social sciences has been mostly used as an application of social network analysis, that is to investigate connections between social actors . In the analysis different actors are represented as nodes of the network and connections between them are drawn as edges. Networks are usually presented as graphs that are calculated with a certain layout algorihtm to depict the structure of the network visually, and to distinguish most central hubs and actors. Blaschke and colleagues (2012) suggest that instad of focusing on the individual actors, from a CCO perspective network analysis could be used to study the network of communication episodes inside an organization by creating a network, where the vertices of the network represent communication episodes and the edges represent individuals. these XXXX XXXXXX form a series of local communication episodes that form a network of communication through the organization is constituted. Data and Method Loldiers of Odin is a Finnish activist group, which was born as a counter reaction to the anti-immigration group Soldiers of Odin, who they aim to parody. The group members dress as clowns and make appearances in demonstrations. The group made its first appearance in Tampere, January 2016. During the year 2016, sister groups have emerged in other cities as well. Group members only appear public anonymous, in clown suites, and refuse to give interviews in person. For the purposes of this paper we investigate the organizing of the group by studying their online communication as well as media coverage of the group. Our primary data set consists of all posts and comments published between 1.1.2016-31.12.2016 on the Loldiers of Odin Facebook page, including posts from both the page and page likers. This data set includes altogether 140 posts, with 14212 users liking, commenting, or reacting to those posts a total of 54996 times. In order to investigate get a bird's eye view of the network of communication episodes within this organization, network analysis is used as a method. The network is build by extracting the nodes and vertices from each Facebook thread in the sample so that source is the post and vertices are all the users who commented or reacted on that post. A force-directed graph algorithm (ForceAtlas2) and a network analysis software Gephi (Bastian, Heymann, & Jacomy, 2009) was applied to display connections between users, and messages. The force-directed graph algorithm places frequently recurrent user or message nodes close to one another. 913 unique commenters 138 posts, 2439 comments Keskeisimmät episodit nämä: https://www.facebook.com/loldiers/videos/221444978190470/ https://www.facebook.com/loldiers/videos/220568851611416/ (tässä siis yhtä kuin suosituimmat) 1843680019fa3d159506080325aeda0e2082d9ac = Timo Loikkanen, tyypillä loldiers-profiilikuva Loldiers Odin 2016: 140 posts, with 14212 users liking or commenting 54996 times. Modularity: 0.654 Modularity with resolution: 0.654 Number of Communities: 23 (Average Degree: 1.469) Average Degree: 3.720 https://www.facebook.com/loldiers/photos/a.219144338420534.1073741832.218482171820084/310083505993283/?type=3&theater Soldiers Odin 2016: 2840 posts, with 61136 users liking or commenting 412893 times. Modularity: 0.774 Modularity with resolution: 0.774 Number of Communities: 18 Average Degree: 1.152 Density: 0.002 Some isolates Preliminary results and contributions Here be the results. Our preliminary results show how the digital dimensions brings an important aspect to the existence of the Loldiers as a collective actor. The material and physical parts of their performance take place on the streets and in the demonstrations, but the digital dimension makes the protest more widespread and allows them to attach certain narratives/forms of communication particular to the digital age statements, videos, photographs memes Kavada 2016: "the capacity to access and participate in the sites of targets, adversaries, and the mainstream media; the capacity to manage and regulate the conversations with targets and adversaries; the capacity to persuade, to make compelling argu-ments, texts, visuals that sway public opinion, targets and adversaries; the capacity to articulate, to link differ-ent sites, actors, conversations and create alliances and coalitions; and the capacity to represent—to speak on behalf of (at least a part of) society, to assume and de-fine its collective voice." All in all, our results show the communicative nature of a social movement performance Without digital communication the protest would not be as organized and meaningful trace the process of collective agency constituting itself as a collective actor (Kavada, 2016) - Digitalization and the emergence of new organizational forms in the digital public space - Processes and practices of collective agency in the digital public space We have no access to the internal discussion of the group, hence certain parts of the organizing process remain outside the scope of this paper. However, we argue that the public communication acts performed on the public Facebook side as well as the voices of the supporters recorded as the Facebook comments open important views to the process where the collective actor of Loldiers is publicly constituted, and where it performs if communication capacities \citep[cf.][]{Kavada_2016,Tilly2005}. It is through these acts of supports that the citizens bestow the group with legitimacy and hence, the capacity to represent their thoughts and feelings as an actor. Kavada 2016, p. 10: "communication power encompasses the capacity to create new codes that shape how society interacts, new sites of conversation that operate differently, to provide models of living and being that change the world in a way that conforms to the movement’s ideals and values." References POISTETTUA: Racism or maahanmuuttokriittisyys as a master frame: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/9780470674871.wbespm126/full recruitment diff microfoundational http://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/2094895.pdf networks and moral shok http://heinonline.org/HOL/Page?handle=hein.journals/socprob42&div=34&g_sent=1&collection=journals# http://www.socsci.uci.edu/~polletta/Articles%20and%20Book%20Chapters_files/2006%20polletta%20and%20ho%20frames%20and%20their%20consequences.pdf

IntroductionScientific experiments produce data that then leads to the scientific conclusions that are generally published in articles. Although new data is always coming (at an accelerating rate [ref]) it is important to be able to go back to the old data and do the analysis again. There are several reasons for this, of which only a few ones are listed here:Checking that the analysis was done well in the first place. This is of importance especially when new experiments do not fully agree with the conclusions.Using the old data as a comparison in order to check how data produced by a newly developed methodology matches with the old data.Using the old data for new types of analyses that were not originally thought of at the time.Using the old data as part of larger meta-analysis that aggregates data from many sources.Using the data as a basis for student exercises.In order to facilitate this, the original data must be available, the original analysis code must be available, and also the meta information about the data must be available.In non-trivial cases, it is not possible to store all the meta data. In particular, one cannot store information about why each particular choice was made in the analysis, although such details could be of big importance in understanding the validity of the analysis. A suitable meta data to store would allow an expert to check what has been done, repeat the analysis, and check the validity of the conclusions. If there are some aspects that are not understood (for example a choice of a particular filter to remove noise) then in a repeat analysis a thorough way would be to check whether such arbitrary choice was crucial or is the result robust in terms of these aspects.If one strives to have such a goal that all published results are accompanied by the full datasets and sufficient meta data to repeat the experiment or the analysis, then we have probably sufficiently good practices to support development of science. However in such case datasets that have not yet been analyzed and published may be neglected. What to storeWe are approaching this question from the point of view of experimental X-ray techniques where the properties of some form of material have been studied using X-rays. There are at least three categories of  data that need to be stored:Meta data about what is the sampleMeta data about the experimental procedureMeta data about the analysisFinally, in many cases several different kind of studies will be done on the same sample, using X-rays and other techniques, and the link between these different studies must be stored also.With such information, it would probably be possible to repeat the complete experiment and analysis. However, this contains a lot of information that do not fit into a meta data field of some data storage place, instead a log book would be needed for each sample or sample set that describes in detail and in chronological manner all the steps that have been taken to arrive at the results that are quoted in the publication. At present it is customary that each participant of research stores (hopefully) information about what they have done with the sample, what are the results, and how they have analyzed the data. To have a full log summarizing all the steps is not in parctice possible at least in those research collaborations that the author has been working in.Later in this document we will discuss ideas how to unify the meta data and logs so that everything is in one place, but at this point we now line out a strategy of storing meta data for a particular experimental technique so that this particular piece of the work can be repeated or the results re-analyzed.Metadata for a givenexperiment with X-raysIdentification of the sample. The sample has to be identified in such a way that it can be relocated unambiguously. The metadata could optionally contain a brief description of the sample so that it can be used for searching experiments done on certain types of samples.  Such descriptions are difficult to standardize.Experimental parameters. At the first level these parameters describe the experimental apparatus and parameters to such detail that a person familiar with the particular instrument will be able to repeat the experiment. This first level also ensures that the person doing the analysis will be able to make correct choices about the required analysis steps. At the second level the description should be so detailed that a person unfamiliar with the given instrument will be able to plan a similar experiment on another instrument (for example possible to estimate SNR, resolution required, etc.) or to analyze the data. Analysis macros. The analysis macros should be stored in a version controlled system, and a link to the commit of the version that was used shold be stored along with the actual data. In more extreme cases the whole computational environment should be stored as a virtual machine. When the general macros are updated, a non-regression test could be run against the old version and if the results match this newer compatible version could be additionally indicated in the metadata (automatically). If the results do not match, this may call into question the validity of the old macros, and should be investigated.Human input in the analysis. The human input is important in many cases, such as choosing a threshold, creating a mask of good data portion, indicating position of the direct beam, etc. These are fundamental parameters that are required in the analysis. They should be stored along with the original data, and the analysis macros should be able to read this input together with the actual data, so that the repeat analysis does not need to give the human input again. 

The neonatal electroencephalogram (EEG) is often contaminated by artifacts. These artifacts make visual inspection difficult and negatively influence the results of automated analysis. There is a significant lack of comprehensive artifact detection systems for the neonatal EEG. We present an automated artifact detection system based on a semi-supervised Gaussian mixture model (GMM). We examined the effects of feature set size, mixture number and the use of principal component analysis (PCA) as a pre-processor. Performance was assessed using the area under the receiver operating characteristic (AUC) and estimated using leave-one-patient-out cross-validation. The best performing system was obtained with 23 features, 30 mixtures and no PCA (median AUC=0.950, IQR: 0.831-0.993). EMG and movement artifacts were detected with the highest accuracy.IntroductionThe neonatal electroencephalogram (EEG) is an important tool for assessing cortical activity in critically ill neonates \cite{hrachovy1990electroencephalography}. By visual interpretation, one can detect abnormalities in the EEG that correlate with abnormal neurological events and long term neurodevelopmental outcome. The interpretation of the EEG is time-consuming and requires significant training. Furthermore, it is not available on demand in many neonatal intensive care units (NICUs), and automated methods of interpretation have been developed to address this problem.Automated algorithms such as sleep stage detectors \cite{koolen2011sleepclassification} and seizure detectors \cite{stevenson2012nonparametric} are developed to analyze neonatal EEG. However, the EEG is often corrupted by artifacts from internal and external sources making visual inspection more difficult. Internal artifacts, such as ocular and cardiac artifacts, are generated from the variety of body activities of the patient and external artifacts arise from the surrounding environment of the patient. These artifacts are, in principle, present in every EEG recording and reduce the quality of the EEG \cite{griesmaier2011need}. The contamination of the EEG is a major problem because artifacts can resemble cortical activity which can affect the outcome of the automated signal analysis and lead to misinterpretation and misdiagnosis \cite{hagmann2006artifacts,suk2009amplitude,marics2013prevalence}.The literature presents many artifact removal methods \cite{shao2009automatic,croft2000removal,jung2000removal,jung2000removing,nolan2010faster,gasser2005correction,barlow1986automatic} and artifact detection algorithms \cite{durka2003simple,delorme2007enhanced,gorecka2015detection,delorme2004eeglab,inuso2007brain,vigario1997extraction,schlogl2007fully} in adults, many of which are only applicable to certain artifact types. Especially, several methods of removing muscular artifacts \cite{crespo2008muscle,gasser2005correction,jung2000removing} or ocular artifacts \cite{jung2000removal,croft2000removal,joyce2004automatic} have been proposed. These solutions are not comprehensive since they only focus on specific artifacts. However, there are also artifact detection algorithms with wider scope \cite{durka2003simple,delorme2007enhanced,delorme2004eeglab}. The simplest artifact detection method is based on thresholding \cite{barlow1986automatic}. The major disadvantage of the thresholding methods is that they do not detect artifacts with small amplitudes. Furthermore, the EEG has an enormous array of amplitudes that vary with the age of the patient, recording setup and pathology. Meng and colleagues used a Gaussian mixture model (GMM) in an artifact detection method based on polysomnographic recording of adults in order to improve seizure detection rate \cite{meng2004gaussian}. Durka and colleagues introduced a classifier-based method to remove ocular and power-line interference in polysomnographic recording \cite{durka2003simple}. They only used single features to detect different artifact types, which is often inadequate to distinguish between artifact and non-artifact case. Independent Component Analysis (ICA) has also successfully been implemented in methods of removing artifacts \cite{jung2000removal,vigario1997extraction}. However, removal algorithms are not preferable for medical diagnosis for two reasons 1) diagnosis should not be performed on altered data or data where the confidence of cortical activity being manifest is reduced and 2) long duration recordings are common place so artefactual periods can readily be ignored. In order to effectively execute an automated artifact detection system, the algorithm should be able to deal with all kinds of characteristics found in the EEG signal.Even though there are several artifact detection and removal algorithms, little research has been done relating to artifact detection in the neonatal EEG. Stevenson and colleagues proposed a neonatal artifact detection method called General Artifact Detection System based on a discriminative classifier (Support Vector Machine) \cite{stevenson2014artefact}. This supervised learning scheme uses labelled data to define class boundaries within the feature space. The labelling of artifacts is, however, not without difficulties: 1) it is a time-consuming process which limits the amount of data available for several artifact classes and 2) the subjectivity of labelling is potentially high due to the number of different artifact types and their perceived influence on EEG interpretation.In this thesis, the difficulties related to artifacts on EEG are addressed using a GMM-based classifier. This unsupervised learning method defines different classes of the EEG which are then assigned either as EEG from cortical activity or a specific artifact type based on the labelling of the human expert. I investigated the use of different features, the use of principal component analysis for dimensionality reduction and the number of mixtures on artifact detection performance. The performance of the developed system was measured using the area under the receiver operating characteristic estimated using leave-one-patient-out cross-validation. A general introduction to the EEG is presented in Section 2. In Section 3, the research material and methods used in this study are introduced. Results are presented in Section \ref{section4} and discussion in Section \ref{section5}.ResultsThis section is only included in papers that rely on primary research. This section catalogues the results of the experiment. The results should be presented in a clear and unbiased way. Most results sections will contain links and citations, e.g., \cite{Feynman_1986}, and equations, e.g. \(e^{i\pi}+1=0\).ConclusionThe conclusion should reinforce the major claims or interpretation in a way that is not mere summary. The writer should try to indicate the significance of the major claim/interpretation beyond the scope of the paper but within the parameters of the field. The writer might also present complications the study illustrates or suggest further research the study indicates is necessary.