not-yet-known not-yet-known not-yet-known unknown Global loss of biodiversity prioritizes the need for comprehensive and effective biomonitoring methods. Airborne eDNA has shown promise for monitoring terrestrial vertebrates but has not yet been rigorously compared to established biomonitoring methods. This study aims to compare species detection from airborne eDNA (eDNA) with observer-based monitoring (OBM), camera trapping (CT) and passive acoustic monitoring (PAM), focusing on birds and mammals. Monitoring was performed over the course of four weeks within an agroforestry ecosystem in the Netherlands. Birds were monitored using eDNA, OBM and PAM, while eDNA and CT were used for mammals. Four mammal species were detected by both CT and eDNA, while eDNA identified an additional 17 species, primarily small-bodied, including two invasive species. A total of 78 bird species was detected, with 28 identified by all three methods. In terms of species uniquely identified per method, eDNA detected the most (19 species), followed by PAM (10, but including 4 misidentifications) and OBM (2). All but three bird and four mammal species detected were consistent with known occurrences near the study site . Rarefaction shows that eDNA has the highest potential species diversity, but OBM is most efficient when limited time is available. Unique species can largely be explained by method characteristics or limitations; PAM detections are limited to species that make sound, while eDNA requires further research on detection range and sensitivity. This is the first study to compare airborne eDNA with OBM and acoustic data, further confirming the high potential of airborne eDNA for biodiversity monitoring.

Human activities induce strong environmental changes that affect the quality of air, water and soil and increase the concentrations of polluting reactive compounds in the troposphere, such as ozone and nitrogen oxides. These changes can lead to a loss of biodiversity and alter plant physiology and plant-pollinator interactions, essential for pollination services, with potential consequences for agricultural production. Taking into account possible interactive effects with landscape quality and pesticide input, we investigated how air pollution (ozone and nitrogen oxides) and other sources of nitrogen is related to pollinator visitation rate and their contribution to agricultural production. We showed that ozone modulates the effect of pesticide exposure on crop pollinators, increasing the probability of negative impacts on crop pollination. Our results suggest that air pollution may have unexpected consequences for food safety and highlight the need for more sustainable transport and manufacturing policies to help safeguard biodiversity and related food production

Since wolf-year 2014-2015, wolves have been recolonizing the Netherlands, even though the small size of the country and the high densities of humans and livestock. In this article, the main policies on wolves and methods of monitoring wolves in the Netherlands are explained. Field monitoring is mostly done by a coordinated network of volunteers and use of genetics in both monitoring and livestock depredation events. The strategy of collecting and validation of the data is in line with the German standards, including a close collaboration between the genetic laboratories in the CEwolf consortium. In nine years of wolf monitoring, 15.347 reports of possible sightings of wolves and their tracks have been documented and validated. Of these, 3666 reports (24%) classified as direct proof of wolf (C1) and 651 reports (4%) classified as indirect proof of wolf (C2). Most abundant proof of wolves are sightings verified by imagery (N=2652), scats (N=942) and livestock depredation events (N=648). Up to April 2023, 90 wolf individuals were genetically identified in the Netherlands. These originated from Germany (36%), Belgium (13%) and the French Italian-Alps (3%) or were born in the Netherlands (27%). The first wolf territory was established in July 2018 and the population has increased since, with four wolf packs, five wolf pairs and one solitary territorial wolf in the Netherlands at the end of wolf year 2022/2023. Most of the 648 livestock depredation events involved sheep (94%). In only nine events, it was confirmed that the wolf deterrent fencing was correctly placed. The perception on wolves to the Netherlands seem to be ambiguous, even though the authorities aim for coexistence between humans, livestock and wolves. An increase in international cooperation regarding expertise with human-wildlife conflict and coexistence is recommended.

There is widespread concern that cessation of grazing in historically grazed ecosystems is causing biotic homogenization and biodiversity loss. Here, we used 12 montane grassland sites along an 800-km north-south gradient across the United Kingdom, to test whether cessation of grazing affects local ɑ- and β-diversity of belowground food webs. We show that cessation of grazing leads to strongly decreased ɑ-diversity of both soil microbial and faunal diversity. In contrast, the β-diversity varied between groups of soil organisms. While soil microbial communities exhibited increased homogenization after cessation of grazing, we observed decreased homogenization for soil fauna after cessation of grazing. Overall, our results indicate that grazer exclusion from historically grazed montane grasslands has far-ranging consequences for the diversity and composition of belowground food webs, and underscore the importance of grazers for maintaining the diversity of belowground communities, which play a central role in ecosystem functioning.

Floral plantings are promoted to foster ecological intensification of agriculture through provisioning of ecosystem services. However, a comprehensive assessment of the effectiveness of different floral plantings, their characteristics and consequences for crop yield across global regions is lacking. Here we quantified the impacts of flower strips and hedgerows on pest control and pollination services in adjacent crops using a global dataset of 529 sites. Flower strips, but not hedgerows, enhanced pest control services in adjacent fields by 16% on average. However, effects on crop pollination and yield were more variable. Our synthesis identifies several important drivers of variability in effectiveness of plantings: pollination services declined exponentially with distance from plantings, and perennial and older flower strips with higher flowering plant diversity enhanced pollination more effectively. These findings provide promising pathways to optimize floral plantings to more effectively contribute to ecosystem service delivery and ecological intensification of agriculture in the future.