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Recent developments in the immunopathology of COVID-19
  • +12
  • Ya-dong Gao,
  • Huan-ping Zhang,
  • Yuan-li Sun,
  • Yan-fen Wang,
  • Duygu Yazici,
  • Dilek Azkur,
  • Ismail Ogulur,
  • Ahmet Kursat AZKUR,
  • Zhaowei Yang,
  • Xiao-xue Chen,
  • Jia-qian Hu,
  • Guanghui Liu,
  • Mübeccel Akdis,
  • Cezmi Akdis,
  • Ai-zhi Zhang
Ya-dong Gao
Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University

Corresponding Author:[email protected]

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Huan-ping Zhang
Shanxi Medical University
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Yuan-li Sun
Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University
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Yan-fen Wang
Shanxi Medical University
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Duygu Yazici
Marmara Universitesi
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Dilek Azkur
Kirikkale Universitesi
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Ismail Ogulur
Universitat Zurich Schweizerisches Institut fur Allergie- und Asthmaforschung
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Ahmet Kursat AZKUR
Kirikkale Universitesi
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Zhaowei Yang
First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University
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Xiao-xue Chen
Shanxi Medical University
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Jia-qian Hu
Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University
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Guanghui Liu
Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University
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Mübeccel Akdis
Universitat Zurich Schweizerisches Institut fur Allergie- und Asthmaforschung
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Cezmi Akdis
Universitat Zurich Schweizerisches Institut fur Allergie- und Asthmaforschung
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Ai-zhi Zhang
Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University
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Abstract

There has been an important change in the clinical characteristics and immune profile of COVID-19 patients during the pandemic thanks to the extensive vaccination programs. Here, we highlight recent studies on COVID-19, from the clinical and immunological characteristics to the protective and risk factors for severity and mortality of COVID-19. The efficacy COVID-19 vaccines and potential allergic reactions after administration are also discussed. The occurrence of new variants of concerns such as Omicron BA.2, BA.4 and BA.5 and the global administration of COVID-19 vaccines have changed the clinical scenario of COVID-19. Multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C) has been identified as an important cause of death of children with COVID-19. Perturbations in immunity of T cells, B cells, and mast cells, as well as autoantibodies and metabolic reprogramming may contribute to the long-term symptoms of COVID-19. Atopic diseases, such as allergic asthma and rhinitis, have been shown to be associated with a lower susceptibility and better outcomes of COVID-19. At the beginning of pandemic, EAACI developed guidelines that provided timely information for the management of allergic diseases and preventive measures to reduce transmission in the allergic clinics. The global distribution of COVID-19 vaccines and emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants with reduced pathogenic potential dramatically decreased the morbidity, severity, and mortality of COVID-19. Nevertheless, breakthrough infection remains a challenge for disease control. Hypersensitivity reactions (HSR) to COVID-19 vaccines are low compared to other vaccines, and these were addressed in EAACI statements that provided indications for the management of allergic reactions, including anaphylaxis to COVID-19 vaccines. We have gained a depth knowledge and experience in the over 2 years since the start of the pandemic, and yet a full eradication of SARS-CoV-2 is not on the horizon. Novel strategies are warranted to prevent severe disease in high-risk groups, the development of MIS-C and long COVID.
22 Aug 2022Submitted to Allergy
22 Aug 2022Submission Checks Completed
22 Aug 2022Assigned to Editor
24 Aug 2022Reviewer(s) Assigned
22 Sep 2022Review(s) Completed, Editorial Evaluation Pending
28 Sep 2022Editorial Decision: Revise Minor
12 Oct 20221st Revision Received
12 Oct 2022Assigned to Editor
12 Oct 2022Submission Checks Completed
12 Oct 2022Review(s) Completed, Editorial Evaluation Pending
15 Oct 2022Reviewer(s) Assigned
31 Oct 2022Editorial Decision: Revise Minor
02 Nov 20222nd Revision Received
02 Nov 2022Submission Checks Completed
02 Nov 2022Assigned to Editor
02 Nov 2022Review(s) Completed, Editorial Evaluation Pending
03 Nov 2022Reviewer(s) Assigned
22 Nov 2022Editorial Decision: Accept