Running Head: Spatio-temporal epidemiology of JE in pig populations in IndiaHimani Dhanze1, Balbir B. Singh2, Michael Walsh3, 4, 5, 6, M. Suman Kumar1, Amit Kumar1, K.N. Bhilegaonkar1, Victoria J. Brookes7,3*1Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India2Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal, Sciences University (GADVASU), Ludhiana, Punjab, India3The University of Sydney, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Sydney School of Public Health, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia4The University of Sydney, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Sydney Infectious Diseases Institute, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia5One Health Centre, The Prasanna School of Public Health, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India6The Prasanna School of Public Health, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India7Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia*Correspondence:Victoria J. Brookes, Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, 2006, New South Wales, Australia. Email: [email protected] and places where this study was conducted:Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, IndiaSydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia

Himani Dhanze1, Balbir B. Singh2, Michael Walsh3, 4, 5, 6, M. Suman Kumar1, Amit Kumar1, K.N. Bhilegaonkar1, Victoria J. Brookes7*1Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India2Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal, Sciences University (GADVASU), Ludhiana, Punjab, India3The University of Sydney, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Sydney School of Public Health, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia4The University of Sydney, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Sydney Infectious Diseases Institute, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia5One Health Centre, The Prasanna School of Public Health, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India6The Prasanna School of Public Health, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India7Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia*Correspondence to:Victoria J. Brookes, Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, 2006, New South Wales, Australia. Email: [email protected]

Jessica Nicole Kropich-Grant1*, Kerrie Wiley2, Jennifer Manyweathers3, Kirrilly Thompson4,5 & Victoria Jane Brookes11Faculty of Science, Sydney School of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Camden 2570, Australia2Sydney School of Public Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown 2006, Australia3School of Agricultural, Environmental and Veterinary Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Locked Bag 588. Wagga Wagga 2678, Australia4University of Newcastle, College of Health, Medicine and Well-being, Callaghan 2308, Australia5Hunter New England Local Health District, Wallsend 2287, Australia.*CorrespondenceJ. N. Kropich-Grant, Faculty of Science, Sydney School of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Camden 2570, Australia, E-mail: [email protected] and places where this study was conducted:Faculty of Science, Sydney School of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Camden 2570, Australia

Michael P. Ward*, Victoria J. BrookesSydney School of Veterinary Science, The University of SydneyNSW, Australia*Private Mailbag 4003, Narellan NSW 2567; [email protected]

Since 2007, African swine fever virus (ASFV) has spread to countries in Europe, Asia and Oceania, and has caused devastating impacts on pigs and the pork industry. Transmission can be direct or indirect, and epidemiologic scenarios have been described in which spread occurs between free-living and domestic pigs. The purpose of this scoping review was to identify primary research in which authors made statements to support ASFV transmission between free-living and domestic pigs and assess the circumstances in which transmission events occurred. A search was conducted in five bibliographic databases and the grey literature. Two reviewers (from a team of ten) independently screened each record and charted data (demographics of the pig populations, their husbandry [domestic pigs] and habitat [free-living pigs], the spatial and temporal distribution of ASF, the occurrence or burden of ASF in the populations, and whether ticks were present in the geographic range of the pig populations). Data synthesis included statistics and a narrative summary. From 1,349 records screened, data were charted from 46 individual studies published from 1985 to 2020. Outbreak investigations revealed that whilst poor biosecurity of domestic pig operations was often reported, direct contact resulting in transmission between free-living and domestic pigs was rarely reported. Studies in which quantitative associations were made generally found that spread within populations was more important than spread between populations, although this was not always the case, particularly when domestic pigs were free-ranging. We conclude that there is limited evidence that transmission of ASFV between free-living and domestic pigs is an important feature of ASF epidemiology, especially in the current ASF epidemic in Europe and the Russian Federation. If ASFV elimination cannot be achieved in free-living pigs, compartmentalisation of free-living and domestic pig populations via biosecurity strategies could be used to support trade of domestic pigs.