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Added value of solar radiation in snowmelt models: benchmarking empirical models in the High Atlas Range, Morocco
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  • HAFSA BOUAMRI,
  • Christophe Kinnard,
  • Abdelghani BOUDHAR,
  • Simon Gascoin,
  • Lahoucine Hanich,
  • Abdelghani CHEHBOUNI
HAFSA BOUAMRI
Sultan Moulay Slimane University Faculty of Science and Technology

Corresponding Author:[email protected]

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Christophe Kinnard
Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières
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Abdelghani BOUDHAR
Sultan Moulay Slimane University Faculty of Science and Technology
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Simon Gascoin
Centre d’Études Spatiales de la Biosphère (CESBIO), University of Toulouse, CNRS/CNES/IRD/UPS
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Lahoucine Hanich
, Faculty of Sciences & Techniques, Cadi Ayyad University
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Abdelghani CHEHBOUNI
Mohammed VI Polytechnic University
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Abstract

Estimating snow water equivalent (SWE) and snowmelt in semi-arid mountain ranges is an important but challenging task, due to the large spatial variability of the seasonal snow cover and scarcity of field observations. Adding solar radiation as snowmelt predictor within empirical snow models is often done to account for topographically induced variations in melt rates, at the cost of increasing model complexity. This study examines the added value of including different treatments of solar radiation within empirical snowmelt equations. Three spatially-distributed, enhanced temperature index models that respectively include the potential clear-sky direct radiation (HTI), the incoming solar radiation (ETIA) and net solar radiation (ETIB) were compared with a classical temperature-index model (TI) to simulate SWE within the Rheraya basin in the Moroccan High Atlas Range. Extensive model validation of simulated snow cover area (SCA) was carried out using blended MODIS snow cover products over the 2003-2016 period. We found that models enhanced with a radiation term, particularly ETIB which includes net solar radiation, better explain the observed SCA variability compared to the TI model. However, differences in model performance were overall small, as were the differences in basin averaged simulated SWE and melt rates. SCA variability was found to be dominated by elevation, which is well captured by the TI model, while the ETIB model was found to best explain additional SCA variability. The small differences in model performance for predicting spatiotemporal SCA variations is interpreted to results from the averaging out of topographically-induced variations in melt rates simulated by the enhanced models, a situation favored by the rather uniform distribution of slope aspects in the basin. Moreover, the aggregation of simulated SCA from the 100 m model resolution towards the MODIS resolution (500 m) suppresses key spatial variability related to solar radiation, which attenuates the differences between the TI and the radiative models.