A regional coupled approach to water cycle prediction during winter
2013/14 in the United Kingdom
Abstract
A regional coupled approach to water cycle prediction is demonstrated
for the 4-month period from November 2013 to February 2014 through
analysis of precipitation, soil moisture, river flow and coastal ocean
simulations produced by a km-scale atmosphere-land-ocean coupled system
focussed on the United Kingdom (UK), running with horizontal grid
spacing of around 1.5 km across all components. The Unified Model
atmosphere component, in which convection is explicitly simulated,
reproduces the observed UK rainfall accumulation (r2 of 0.62 for daily
accumulation), but there is a notable bias in its distribution – too
dry over western upland areas and too wet further east. The JULES land
surface model soil moisture state is shown to be in broad agreement with
a limited number of cosmic-ray neutron probe observations. A comparison
of observed and simulated river flow shows the coupled system is useful
for predicting broad scale features, such as distinguishing high and low
flow regions and times during the period of interest but are shown to be
less accurate than optimised hydrological models. The impact of
simulated river discharge on NEMO model simulations of coastal ocean
state is explored in the coupled system, with comparisons provided
relative to experiments using climatological river input and no river
input around the UK coasts. Results show that the freshwater flux around
the UK contributes of order 0.2 psu to the mean surface salinity, and
comparisons to profile observations give evidence of an improved
vertical structure when applying simulated flows. This study represents
a baseline assessment of the coupled system performance, with priorities
for future model developments discussed.