Animal stoichiometry influences critical processes from organismal physiology to biogeochemical cycles. However, it remains uncertain whether animal stoichiometry follows predictable scaling relationships with body mass and whether adaptation to terrestrial or aquatic environments constrains elemental allocation. We tested both interspecific and intraspecific body-mass scaling relationships for nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and N:P content using a subset of the StoichLife database, which includes 9,933 individual animals across 1,543 species spanning 10 orders of magnitude in body mass from terrestrial, freshwater, and marine realms. Our results show that body mass predicts intraspecific stoichiometric variation, accounting for 42-45% of the variation in 27% of vertebrate and 35% of invertebrate species. However, body mass was less effective at explaining interspecific variation, with taxonomic identity emerging as a more significant factor. Differences between aquatic and terrestrial organisms were observed only in invertebrate interspecific %N, suggesting that realm has a relatively minor influence on elemental allocation. Our study, based on the most comprehensive animal stoichiometry database to date, revealed that while body mass is a good predictor of intraspecific elemental content, it is less effective for interspecific patterns. This highlights the importance of evolutionary history and taxonomic identity over general scaling laws in explaining stoichiometric variation.

Dispersal is a fundamental process driving many ecological patterns. During transfer, species often make large-scale displacements resulting in significant energetic losses with implications for fitness and survival, however generalising these losses across different taxonomic groups is challenging. We developed a bioenergetic dispersal model based on fundamental processes derived from species traits. By balancing energy storage and energy loss during active dispersal, our mechanistic model can quantify energetic expenditures depending on landscape configuration and the species in focus. Moreover, it can be used to predict the maximum dispersal capacity of animals, which we compare with recorded maximum dispersal distances (n = 1571). Due to its foundation in bioenergetics it can easily be integrated into various ecological models, such as food-web and meta-community models. Furthermore, as dispersal is integral to ecological research, the quantification of dispersal capacities provides valuable insight into landscape connectivity, species persistence, and distribution patterns with implications for conservation research.

The relationship of plant diversity and several ecosystem functions strengthens over time. This suggests that the restructuring of biotic interactions in the process of a community’s assembly and the associated changes in function differ between species-rich and species-poor communities. An important component of these changes is the feedback between plant and soil community history. In this study, we examined the interactive effects of plant richness and community history on the trophic functions of the soil fauna community. We hypothesized that experimental removal of either soil or plant community history would diminish the positive effects of plant richness on the multitrophic functions of the soil food-web, compared to mature communities. We tested this hypothesis in a long-term grassland biodiversity experiment by comparing plots across three treatments (without plant history, without plant and soil history, controls with ~20 years of plot specific community history). We found that the relationship between plant richness and belowground multitrophic functionality is indeed stronger in communities with shared plant and soil community history. Our findings indicate that anthropogenic disturbance can impact the functioning of the soil community through the loss of plant species but also by preventing feedbacks that develop in the process of community assembly.

The implementation of Wastewater Treatment Plants (WWTPs) brought great improvement in river ecological status. However, WWTP effluents still contain a complex cocktail of pollutants whose environmental effects might go unnoticed, masked by other stressors in the receiving waters or by spatiotemporal variability. We conducted a BACI (Before-After/Control-Impact) ecosystem manipulation experiment to assess the effects of a well-treated and highly diluted effluent on diversity and food web dynamics in an unpolluted stream. Although effluent toxicity was low, it reduced diversity, increased primary production and herbivory, and reduced energy fluxes associated to terrestrial inputs. Altogether, the effluent decreased total energy fluxes in stream food webs, showing that treated wastewater can lead to important ecosystem-level changes, affecting the structure and functioning of stream communities even at high dilution rates. Our study highlights the need for further efforts to treat polluted waters to conserve aquatic food webs.

Understand the mechanisms underlying diversity-productivity relationships (DPRs) is crucial to mitigating the effects of forest biodiversity loss. Tree-tree interactions in diverse communities are fundamental in driving growth rates, potentially shaping the emergent DPRs, yet remains poorly explored. Here, using data from a large-scale forest biodiversity experiment in subtropical China, we demonstrated that changes in individual tree productivity were driven by species-specific pairwise interactions, with higher positive net pairwise interaction effects on trees in more diverse neighbourhoods. The aggregated interaction effects subsequently determined the community DPRs. We further revealed that the positive differences between inter- and intra-specific interactions were the critical determinant for the emergence of positive DPRs. Surprisingly, the condition for positive DPRs corresponded to the condition for coexistence. Our results thus provide a novel insight into how pairwise tree interactions regulate DPRs, with implications for identifying the tree mixtures with maximised productivity to guide forest restoration and reforestation efforts.

The movement of animals affects the biodiversity, ecological processes, and resilience of an ecosystem. For the animals, moving has costs as well as benefits and the use of a given landscape provides insights into animal decisions and behavioral ecology. Understanding how animals use the landscape can thus clarify their effects on ecosystems and inform conservation measures aiming at preserving and restoring the ecological functions of animal dispersal. Here, we investigated the habitat preferences of African savanna elephants (Loxodonta africana) using GPS data from 155 individuals collected between 1998 and 2020 in Northern Kenya. In particular, we assessed how “energy landscapes”, i.e. the cost of locomotion due to the slope of the terrain and the animal body mass, together with elevation, vegetation productivity, water availability, and proximity to human settlements influence the habitat preferences of elephants. We found that the energy landscape is the most consistent predictor of elephants’ preferences, with individuals generally avoiding energetically costly areas and preferring highly productive habitats. We also found that other predictors such as elevation, water availability and human presence, are important in determining habitat usage, but varied greatly among elephants, with some individuals preferring habitats avoided by others. Our analysis highlights the importance of the energy landscape as a key driver of habitat preferences of elephants. Importantly, the enerscape modeling environment allowed us to develop testable hypotheses from rather coarse-grained data covering elephant movements and a few environmental parameters. Energy landscapes rely on fundamental biomechanical and physical principles and provide a mechanistic understanding of the observed preference patterns, allowing to disentangle key causal drivers of an animal’s preferences from correlational effects. This, in turn, has important implications for assessing and planning conservation and restoration measures, such as dispersal corridors, by explicitly accounting for the energy costs of moving.

Plant community productivity generally increases with biodiversity, but the strength of this relationship exhibits strong empirical variation. In meta-food-web simulations, we addressed if the spatial overlap in plants' resource access and movement of animals can explain such variability. We found that spatial overlap of plant resource access is a prerequisite for positive diversity-productivity relationships, but causes exploitative competition that can lead to competitive exclusion. Movement of herbivores causes apparent competition among plants, resulting in negative relationships. However, movement of larger top predators integrates sub-food-webs composed of smaller species, offsetting the negative effects of exploitative and apparent competition and leading to strongly positive diversity-productivity relationships. Overall, our results show that spatial overlap of plant resource access and animal movement can greatly alter the strength and sign of such relationships. In particular, the scaling of animal movement effects opens new perspectives for linking landscape processes without effects on biodiversity to productivity patterns.

1.     Species-rich communities exhibit higher levels of ecosystem functioning compared to species-poor ones, and this positive relationship strengthens over time. One proposed explanation for this phenomenon is the reduction of niche overlap among plants or animals, which corresponds to increased complementarity and reduced competition. 2.     In order to examine the potential of increased complementarity among plants or animals to strengthen the relationship between diversity and ecosystem functions, we integrated models of bio-energetic population dynamics and food-web assembly. Through the simulation of various scenarios of plant and animal complementarity change, we sought to elucidate the mechanisms underlying the observed increases in (1) primary productivity, (2) control of herbivores by predators, and (3) reduction of herbivore pressure on plants in species-rich communities.3.     Our findings reveal that increased niche complementarity of plants can steepen the diversity-function relationships if it does not increase their intraspecific competition, while increasing complementarity among animals during community assembly can also have a positive effect but with considerable variability. 4.     The study highlights the importance of trait variation both among and within species, and the interplay between intra- and interspecific competition strength in shaping the functioning of ecosystems over time. These results offer insights into the mechanisms underpinning the diversity-functioning relationship, and have practical implications for ecosystem management and conservation efforts.

The survival of animals under global warming strongly depends on their individual thermal niches, which result from the balance between energy loss and gain. Active movement is an important component of this energetic balance, as it affects not only energy gain via food intake but also energy loss via activity metabolism. Here, we develop a novel trait-based approach for how thermal niches arise from temperature-dependent movement. Therefore, we used image-based tracking to quantify the unimodal responses of the movement speed of carabid beetles to temperature. We used these empirical data to parameterize a mathematical model based on metabolic and predator-prey theory for net energy gain to derive a general mechanistic concept of thermal niches. This trait-based approach allows a relatively rapid and cost-effective assessment of climate change vulnerability for a wide range of animal taxa on broad geographic scales.

Global change alters ecological communities with consequences for ecosystem processes. Such processes and functions are a central aspect of ecological research and vital to understanding and mitigating the consequences of global change, but also those of other drivers of change in organism communities. In this context, the concept of energy flux through trophic networks integrates food-web theory and biodiversity-ecosystem functioning theory and connects biodiversity to multitrophic ecosystem functioning. As such, the energy flux approach is a strikingly effective tool to answer central questions in ecology and global-change research. This might seem straight forward, given that the theoretical background and software to efficiently calculate energy flux are readily available. However, the implementation of such calculations is not always straight forward, especially for those who are new to the topic and not familiar with concepts central to this line of research, such as food-web theory or metabolic theory. To facilitate wider use of energy flux in ecological research, we thus provide a guide to adopting energy-flux calculations for people new to the method, struggling with its implementation, or simply looking for background reading, important resources, and standard solutions to the problems everyone faces when starting to quantify energy fluxes for their community data. First, we introduce energy flux and its use in community and ecosystem ecology. Then, we provide a comprehensive explanation of the single steps towards calculating energy flux for community data. Finally, we discuss remaining challenges and exciting research frontiers for future energy-flux research.

Resource-use complementarity of producer species is often invoked to explain their generally positive diversity-productivity relationships. Additionally, multi-trophic interactions that link processes across trophic levels have received increasing attention as a possible key driver. Given that both are integral to natural ecosystems, their interactive effect should be evident but has remained hidden. We address this issue by analyzing diversity-productivity relationships in a simulation experiment of primary producer communities nested within complex food-webs, manipulating resource-use complementarity and multi-trophic animal richness. We show that both mechanisms' joint contribution to positive diversity-productivity relationships generally exceeds their individual effects, as both interactively create diverse communities of complementary producer species. Specifically, multi-trophic interactions in animal-rich ecosystems increase complementarity the most when resource-use complementarity is low. The interdependence of top-down and bottom-up forces in creating biodiversity-productivity relationships highlights the importance to adopt a more multi-trophic perspective on biodiversity-ecosystem functioning relationships.

Global change drivers like warming and changing nutrient cycles have a substantial impact on ecosystem functioning. In most modelling studies, organism responses to warming are described through the temperature dependence of their biological rates. In nature, however, organisms are more than their biological rates. Plants are flexible in their elemental composition (stoichiometry) and respond to variance in nutrient availability and temperature. An increase in plant carbon-to-nutrient content means a decrease in food quality for herbivores. Herbivores can react to this decrease by compensatory feeding, which implies higher feeding rates and higher carbon excretion to optimize nutrient acquisition. In a novel model of a nutrient-plant-herbivore system, we explored the consequences of flexible stoichiometry and compensatory feeding for plant and herbivore biomass production and survival across gradients in temperature and nutrient availability. We found that flexible stoichiometry increases plant and herbivore biomasses, which results from increased food availability due to higher plant growth. Surprisingly, compensatory feeding decreased plant and herbivore biomasses as overfeeding by the herbivore reduced plants to low densities and depleted their resource. Across a temperature gradient, compensatory feeding caused herbivore extinction at a lower temperature, while flexible stoichiometry increased its extinction threshold. Our results suggest that compensatory feeding can become critical under warm conditions. In contrast, flexible stoichiometry is beneficial for plants up to a certain temperature threshold. These findings demonstrate the importance of accounting for adaptive and behavioural organismal responses to nutrient and temperature gradients when predicting the consequences of warming and eutrophication for population dynamics and survival.