Firn densification in the accumulation zone of Kaskawulsh Glacier, Yukon
Territory, Canada
Abstract
As sources of fresh water and critical components of the global climate
system, terrestrial glaciers are important features to monitor,
particularly in light of anthropogenic climate change. Remote sensing
techniques are being increasingly used to gather information on Earth’s
shrinking complex glacial terrains. However, these methods possess
critical challenges, including capturing firn dynamics and the presence
of ice lenses. Meltwater percolation and retention, as well as
thermodynamic effects on snow and firn density can complicate the
relationship between surface height and mass balance changes; lowering
of the glacier surface may masquerade as a mass change as detected by
remote sensing technologies. The St. Elias Mountains, straddling the
border between Yukon Territory, Canada and Alaska, USA, are home to
extensive icefields. While numerous mass balance studies have been
conducted in this region using remote sensing, there is a significant
lack of in situ measurements of accumulation zone processes and firn
properties. Our research examines refrozen ice layers and firn
densification processes in the accumulation zone of Kaskawulsh Glacier
in the St. Elias Mountains. In spring 2018, we extracted two firn cores
(20 m and 35 m) from the study area and conducted a snow stratigraphy
and ice lens survey on both core sections. After subsampling and melting
the cores, we analyzed major ion and isotope chronology to identify
extreme meltwater percolation and refreezing events, both of which
critically affect firn density. The snow stratigraphy analysis from both
of the cores showed numerous refrozen ice layers, indicating surface
melt and refreezing processes in the accumulation zone. Preliminary
results from isotope chronology analysis reveal a wash-out of the
glaciochemical pattern in the 35 m and the 20 m ice core at 15 m depth,
thus indicating severe surface warming events and subsequent changes in
the density of the firn. This may indicate errors in the assumed density
of the accumulation zone snow and firn when using remote sensing
technologies to infer mass balance of Kaskawulsh Glacier.