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A statistical study of three-second foreshock ULF waves observed by MMS
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  • Shan Wang,
  • Li-Jen Chen,
  • Jonathan Ng,
  • Naoki Bessho,
  • Guan Le,
  • Shing Fung,
  • Daniel Gershman,
  • Barbara Giles
Shan Wang
University of Maryland College Park

Corresponding Author:[email protected]

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Li-Jen Chen
NASA Goddard Space Flight Center
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Jonathan Ng
University of Maryland College Park; NASA Goddard Space Flight Center
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Naoki Bessho
University of Maryland College Park
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Guan Le
NASA Goddard Space Flight Center
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Shing Fung
NASA Goddard Space Flight Center
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Daniel Gershman
NASA Goddard Space Flight Center
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Barbara Giles
NASA Goddard Space Flight Center
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Abstract

We perform a statistical study of 3-s ultra-low frequency (ULF) waves using MMS observations in the Earth’s foreshock region. The average phase velocity in the plasma rest frame is determined to be anti-sunward, and the intrinsic polarization is right-handed. We further examine the linear instability conditions based on drift-bi-Maxwellian distribution functions according to observed plasma conditions. The resulting instability is a solution to the common dispersion equation of the ion/ion right-hand non-resonant and left-hand resonant instabilities. The predicted wave propagation is also predominantly anti-sunward. The cyclotron resonant conditions of the solar wind and backstreaming beam ions are evaluated, and we find that in some cases, the anti-sunward propagating waves can be resonant with beam ions, which was overlooked in previous studies. The result suggests that the dispersion equation provides the 3-s ULF waves a fundamental explanation that unifies a rich variety of resonant conditions. In the later stage, the 3s ULF waves could further develop into Short Large Amplitude Magnetic Structures, contributing to the turbulence in the foreshock region.