The Nansha Islands comprise the largest atoll archipelago in the South China Sea, accommodating 15% of global atolls. In contrast to reef flats found elsewhere in the Indo-Pacific region that typically have grown close to modern sea level, a considerable portion of atoll rims there are composed of 10-20-m-deep reef flats. To better understand modern processes, particularly whether these deep reefs are host to modern physical reworking or instead may be relict features abandoned by sea-level rise, we conducted a mooring hydrodynamic observation from January to September on a 12-m-deep southwest-facing reef flat. These measurements show a predominance of seasonally-varying waves and stable, moderate tide-driven currents, similar to short-term observations at three adjacent deep-reef-flats. While the reef flat was protected from the northeast monsoon from January to May, the southwest monsoon from June to September caused prolonged exposure to large waves (mean Hs of 1.3 m; orbital velocity 0.22 m/s) and consistent cross-flat currents (0.08 m/s on average), resulting in near-bed skin-friction shear velocities of 0.02 m/s on average. These wave conditions are capable of forming and mobilizing bed ripples while entraining coarse coral sand (d50 = 1 mm) for over half a year. Estimates of potential sediment flux suggest the capability for combined waves and advective currents to deflate the 12-m-deep reef rim by up to 28 mm in 8 months. As these potential losses are similar to reef accretion rates, our measurements imply that modern processes could play a significant role in the maintenance of deep reef flats.

A document by Chao Gao. Click on the document to view its contents.

Meandering channels are ubiquitous features in intertidal mudflats and play a key role in the eco-morphosedimentary evolution of such landscapes. However, the hydrodynamics and morphodynamic evolution of these channels are poorly known, and direct flow measurements are virtually nonexistent to date. Here, we present new hydroacoustic data collected synchronously at different sites along a mudflat meander located in the macrotidal Yangkou tidal flat (Jiangsu, China) over an 8-day period. The studied bend exhibits an overall dominance of flood flows, with velocity surges of about 0.8 m/s occurring immediately below the bankfull stage during both ebb and flood tides. Unlike salt-marsh channels, velocities attain nearly-constant, sustained values as long as tidal flows remain confined within the channel, and reduce significantly during overbank stages. In contrast, curvature-induced cross-sectional flows are more pronounced during overbank stages. Thus, a phase lag exists between streamwise and cross-stream velocity maxima, which limits the transfer of secondary flows and likely hinders the formation of curvature-induced helical flows along the entire meander length. Our results support earlier suggestions that the morphodynamics of intertidal mudflat meanders does not strongly depend on curvature-induced helical flows, and is most likely driven by high velocities and sustains seepage flows at late-ebb stages, as well as by other non-tidal processes such as waves and intense rainfall events. By unraveling complex flow structures and intertwined morphodynamic processes, our results provide the first step toward a better understanding of intertidal mudflat meanders, with relevant implications for their planform characteristics and dynamic evolution.

The Nansha Islands comprise the largest atoll archipelago in the South China Sea that accommodates 15% of global atolls. In contrast to the reef flats of the Indo-Pacific region that commonly have grown close to modern sea level, a considerable portion of the atoll rims here consists of reef flats as deep as 6-20 m. To better understand whether these deep reefs are relict features abandoned by sea-level rise or host to modern physical reworking, we conducted an 8.5-month mooring observation of hydrodynamics on the 12-m-deep southwest-facing reef flat of Tiexian reef. These measurements show a predominance of seasonal-varying strong waves and stable currents, in line with short-term observations at three other deep-reef-flats nearby. While the reef flat was protected from the northeast monsoon from January to May, the southwest monsoon from June to September resulted in prolonged exposure to large waves and more vigorous cross-flat currents (mean Hs of 1.3 m; orbital velocity 0.22 m/s), resulting in consistently large near-bed shear stresses (mean of 0.6 N/m2 on reef sediments and maximum of 18.9 N/m2 on coral reefs) that are capable of entraining sediment for almost the entire monsoon season. Assuming a mere ratio of 1-10% mobile sediment would result in rim height deflation on the order of 0.5-5 cm/y. Such values similar to potential rates of reef accretion imply that modern processes could play a significant role in the maintenance of the deep reef flats, which can be surprisingly active environments with living coral colonies and coral debris coverage.