Non-volcanic tremor has been observed at the roots of many fault systems around the Pacific rim, including convergent and transform plate boundaries. The extent to which deep tremor signals are prevalent along plate boundaries elsewhere, including the Mediterranean basin, has not yet been documented in detail. A body of evidence suggests that tremor triggered during the surface waves of teleseismic events may commonly occur where ambient tremor during Episodic Tremor and Slip episodes occur, suggesting triggered tremor provides a useful tool to identify regions with ambient tremor. We perform a systematic search of triggered tremor associated with large teleseismic events between 2010 and 2020, at four major fault systems within the central-eastern Mediterranean basin namely the Hellenic and Calabrian subduction zones, and the North Anatolian and Kefalonia transform faults. In addition, we search for ambient tremor during a ~50-daylong slow slip event in the eastern Sea of Marmara along a secondary branch of the North Anatolian Fault, and two ~4-month long slow slip events beneath western Peloponnese. We find no unambiguous evidence for deep triggered tremor nor for ambient tremor. The absence of triggered tremor at the Hellenic and Calabrian subduction zones supports the less favorable conditions for tremorgenesis in the presence of old and cold slabs. The absence of tremor along the transform faults may be due to an absence of the conditions commonly promoting tremorgenesis in such settings, including high fluid pressures and low differential stresses between the down-dip limit of the seismogenic layer and the Moho.

The month-to-year-long deformation of the Earth’s crust where active subduction zones terminate is poorly explored. Here we report on a multidisciplinary dataset that captures the synergy of slow-slip events, earthquake swarms and fault-interactions during the ~5 years leading up to the 2018 M 6.9 Zakynthos Earthquake at the western termination of the Hellenic Subduction System (HSS). It appears that this long-lasting preparatory phase initiated due to a slow-slip event that lasted ~4 months and released strain equivalent to a ~M 6.3 earthquake. We propose that the slow-slip event, which is the first to be reported in the HSS, tectonically destabilised the upper 20-40 km of the crust, producing alternating phases of seismic and aseismic deformation, including intense microseismicity (M<4) on neighbouring faults, earthquake swarms in the epicentral area of the M 6.9 earthquake ~1.5 years before the main event, another episode of slow-slip immediately preceding the mainshock and, eventually, the large (M6.9) Zakynthos Earthquake. Tectonic instability in the area is evidenced by a prolonged (~4 years) period of overall suppressed b-values (<1) and strong earthquake interactions on discrete strike-slip, thrust and normal faults. We propose that composite faulting patterns accompanied by alternating (seismic/aseismic) deformation styles may characterise multi-fault subduction-termination zones and may operate over a range of timescales (from individual earthquakes to millions of years).

Small stress changes such as those from tidal loading can be enough to trigger earthquakes. If small and large earthquakes initiate similarly, high resolution catalogs with low detection thresholds are best suited to illuminate such processes. Below the Sea of Marmara section of the North Anatolian Fault, a segment of 150 km is late in its seismic cycle. We generated high-resolution seismicity catalogs for a hydrothermal region in the eastern Sea of Marmara employing both AI-based and template matching techniques to investigate a complex long-lasting sequence including seismicity up to MW 4.5. We document a strong effect of the Sea of Marmara level changes on the local seismicity. Both high resolution catalogs show that local seismicity rates are significantly larger during time periods shortly after local minima on sea level. Local strainmeters indicate that the associated strain changes, on the order of 30-300 nstrain, are sufficient to promote seismicity.