Abstract
Workers in the ant genus Pheidole show an extreme degree of
morphological differentiation, with at least two distinct subcastes:
minor workers are smaller and perform most of the colony tasks, whereas
majors are larger, display disproportionately massive heads, and
specialize in roles as defense and food processing. There is
considerable interspecific variation in head shape within worker
subcastes of Pheidole, which could affect how the stresses
generated by the mandibular closing muscle contraction (0md1) spread
throughout the head and influence bite force. To assess the role of head
shape in stress patterns of Pheidole workers, we solve a set of
Finite Element Analysis (FEA) while exploring variation in
Pheidole worker head morphospace. We hypothesize that majors
possess head shapes optimized for the generation of stronger bites. In
addition, we expect that head shapes corresponding to the edges of
morphological space in the genus would show mechanical limitations that
could prevent further expanding the occupied morphospace. We vectorized
Pheidole head shapes based on images of worker heads, considering
species that represent mean shapes and the edges of the two main axes of
each morphospace, for a total of five head shapes for each worker
subcaste. We performed linear static FEA simulating the contraction of
0md1. Our results demonstrate that head shapes of majors are optimized
to generate stronger bites given that stress generated on those shapes
is distinctly directed towards the mandibles. Head shapes of minors
tended to concentrate stresses around the mandibular articulations, with
substantially lower and more diffuse stresses spreading throughout the
head, indicating that such shapes are associated with weaker bites. Our
results agree with the expectations regarding the main colony tasks
performed by each worker subcaste, and we find some evidence of
biomechanical limitations on extreme head shapes for majors and minors.