Abstract
When a chemical reaction occurs via tunnelling, a simple mass-dependence
is expected, where substitution of atoms by heavier isotopes leads to a
reduced reaction rate. However, as shown in a recent study of CO
orientational isomerization at the NaCl(100) interface [Choudhury et
al., Nature 612, 691 (2022)], the lightest isotopologue need
not exhibit the fastest tunnelling; for the CO/NaCl system, the
non-monotonic mass-dependence is understood through a new picture of
condensed phase tunnelling where the overall rate is dominated by a few
pairs of reactant/product states. These state-pairs – termed quantum
gateways – gain dynamical importance through accidentally-enhanced
tunnelling probabilities, facilitated by a confluence of the energetic
landscape underlying the reaction as well as the phonon bath of the
surrounding medium. Here, we explore gateway tunnelling through
measurements of the kinetic isotope effect (KIE) for CO isomerization in
a monolayer buried by many layers of either CO or N2.
With an N2 overlayer, tunnelling rates are accelerated
for all four isotopologues (12C16O,
13C16O,
12C18O, and
13C18O), but the degree of
acceleration is isotopologue-specific and non-intuitively mass
dependent. A one-dimensional tunnelling model involving an Eckart
barrier cannot capture this behaviour. This reflects how a change to the
potential energy surface moves states in and out of resonance, changing
which tunnelling gateways can be accessed in the isomerization reaction.