Dopaminergic neuronal death via necroptosis in Parkinson’s disease: a
review of the literature
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the
progressive dysfunction and loss of dopamine (DA) neurons of the
substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc). Several pathways of programmed
cell death are likely to play a role in DA neuron death, such as
apoptosis, necrosis, pyroptosis, ferroptosis as well as cell death
associated with proteasomal and mitochondrial dysfunction. A better
understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying DA neuron death
could inform the design of drugs that promote neuron survival.
Necroptosis is a recently characterized regulated cell death mechanism
that exhibits morphological features common to both apoptosis and
necrosis. It requires activation of an intracellular pathway involving
receptor-interacting protein 1 (RIP1) and its kinase (RIP1 kinase,
RIPK1), receptor-interacting protein 3 (RIP3) and its kinase (RIP3
kinase, RIPK3), and mixed lineage kinase domain like pseudokinase
(MLKL). The potential involvement of this programmed cell death pathway
in the pathogenesis of PD has been studied by analyzing the biomarkers
for necroptosis, such as the levels and oligomerization of pRIPK3 and
pMLKL, in several PD preclinical models and in PD human tissue. While
there is evidence that other types of cell death also have a role in DA
neuron death, most studies support the hypothesis that this cell death
mechanism is activated in PD tissues. Thus drugs that prevent or reduce
necroptosis may provide neuroprotection for PD. In this review, we
summarize the findings from these studies. We also discuss how
manipulating necroptosis might open a novel therapeutic approach to
reduce neuronal degeneration in PD.