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Global population structure in an arctic-breeding bird: Diversifying and stabilizing selection consistent with local adaptation
  • +11
  • Keta Patel,
  • Oliver Love,
  • Kyle Wellband,
  • Audrey Le Pogam,
  • François Vézina,
  • Noah Ashley,
  • Frode Fossøy,
  • Kevin Winker,
  • Melanie Richter,
  • H. Grant Gilchrist,
  • Arne Moksnes,
  • Bård Stokke,
  • Jack Withrow,
  • Daniel Heath
Keta Patel
University of Windsor

Corresponding Author:[email protected]

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Oliver Love
University of Windsor
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Kyle Wellband
Universite Laval
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Audrey Le Pogam
Université du Québec à Rimouski
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François Vézina
Université du Québec à Rimouski
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Noah Ashley
Western Kentucky University
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Frode Fossøy
Norwegian Institute for Nature Research
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Kevin Winker
University of Alaska Museum of the North
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Melanie Richter
Memphis Zoo
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H. Grant Gilchrist
Environment and Climate Change Canada
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Arne Moksnes
Norwegian Institute for Nature Research
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Bård Stokke
Norwegian Institute for Nature Research
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Jack Withrow
University of Alaska Museum of the North
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Daniel Heath
University of Windsor
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Abstract

Environmental variation among isolated populations can drive genetic differentiation by selection, while isolation alone results primarily in genetic drift. Genetic analyses can aid in identifying genetically isolated populations and population structure of a species across its range. Additionally, such analyses can provide indirect evidence of local adaptation through the comparison of allele frequencies at neutral and functional genetic markers, with the aim of identifying outlier loci consistent with the effects of selection. Here, we examine the genetic divergence and patterns of functional divergence among six breeding populations of arctic-breeding snow buntings (Plectrophenax nivalis). We genotyped 221 birds at 9 microsatellite markers and at 101 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) located within known-function genes. We identified substantial population differentiation using both marker types with relatively greater divergence and hence finer population structure using the microsatellite markers. While population structures resulting from the two marker types were in general agreement, functional SNPs showed evidence of stabilizing selection at both global and population pairwise levels, with a few key SNPs showing signatures of pairwise divergent selection, consistent with expectations of local adaptation. The observed complex and inconsistent pattern of pairwise divergence (selection) at key candidate-gene loci may reflect rapid environmental change decoupling locally adapted genotypes from actual local environmental conditions. Our work highlights microevolutionary changes that are likely to be very important not only in arctic-breeding songbirds, but in Arctic and Sub-Arctic vertebrates in general, which are experiencing strong environmental effects from accelerated climate change and human-induced stressors.