Abstract
Influenza A (H3N2) virus, a prominent member of the Orthomyxoviridae
family, continues to pose significant challenges to public health
worldwide. This comprehensive review delves into the intricate facets of
H3N2, encompassing its virological characteristics, evolutionary trends,
global epidemiology, clinical manifestations, immunopathology,
vaccination strategies, antiviral interventions, and emerging diagnostic
approaches. The evolution and genetic diversity of H3N2 strains are
explored in the context of antigenic variation, a phenomenon fueled by
genetic drift and shift mechanisms. The implications of such variability
on vaccine design and effectiveness are critically analyzed. Moreover,
this review examines the broader public health ramifications of H3N2,
elucidating its seasonal outbreak patterns, pandemic potential, and the
intricacies of global spread. Detailed insights into the clinical
presentation and pathogenesis highlight the interplay between viral
factors and host immune responses, shedding light on disease severity
and susceptibility determinants. The armamentarium of antiviral
therapies, encompassing neuraminidase inhibitors and polymerase
inhibitors, is evaluated along with the emerging challenge of drug
resistance. Notably, this review underscores the evolving landscape of
diagnostic techniques, ranging from rapid point-of-care tests to
advanced molecular methods, and their pivotal role in timely outbreak
detection and surveillance. Looking ahead, the article accentuates the
need for multidisciplinary approaches in deciphering viral evolution
dynamics, targeting host-pathogen interactions, and refining pandemic
preparedness strategies. By synthesizing these diverse dimensions, this
review encapsulates a holistic understanding of Influenza A (H3N2) that
informs both research endeavors and public health interventions.