Nyctinastic leaf folding mimic reduces herbivory by Chromacris trogon
grasshoppers (Orthoptera:Romaleidae)
Abstract
Arachis pintoi (Fabaceae) is a common relative of the cultivated peanut,
and folds its four leaflets up to look like one at night. The adaptive
significance of this behavior (foliar nyctinasty) is unknown. To test
the hypothesis that leaflet folding alone can deter herbivores, a leaf
preference experiment was performed on Chromacris trogon grasshoppers.
Small oval cutouts were made from leaves of the grasshopper’s preferred
food source, Iochroma arborescens (Solanaceae), and were combined with
small pieces of tape and dry grass to construct artificial leaves
resembling the day and night form of A. pintoi. In the experiment,
groups of three grasshoppers were starved for 24 hours and then placed
in petri dishes containing one closed and one open artificial leaf.
After 30 six-hour trials, the average herbivory of open leaves was
12.3%, while closed leaves was 5.2% (p = 0.00145), indicating a
significant preference for open leaves. This suggests that the folded
configuration of A. pintoi leaves can be a defense against herbivory.