Large language models (LLMs) hold significant promise in advancing network management and orchestration in 6G and beyond networks. However, existing LLMs are limited in domain-specific knowledge and their ability to handle multimodal sensory data, which is critical for real-time situational awareness in dynamic wireless environments. This paper addresses this gap by introducing ENWAR 1 , an ENvironment-aWARe retrieval augmented generation-empowered multi-modal LLM framework. ENWAR seamlessly integrates multi-modal sensory inputs to perceive, interpret, and cognitively process complex wireless environments to provide human-interpretable situational awareness. ENWAR is evaluated on the GPS, LiDAR, and camera modality combinations of DeepSense6G dataset with state-of-the-art LLMs such as Mistral-7b/8x7b and LLaMa3.1-8/70/405b. Compared to general and often superficial environmental descriptions of these vanilla LLMs, ENWAR delivers richer spatial analysis, accurately identifies positions, analyzes obstacles, and assesses line-of-sight between vehicles. Results show that ENWAR achieves key performance indicators of up to 70% relevancy, 55% context recall, 80% correctness, and 86% faithfulness, demonstrating its efficacy in multi-modal perception and interpretation.

A document by Abdulkadir Celik . Click on the document to view its contents.

Explainable and Robust Artificial Intelligence for Trustworthy Resource Management in 6G Networks. In this paper, we present an overview of the explainable and robust AI techniques for radio resource management. We explain how these methods can provide a systematic methodology for interpreting the decisions made by the black-box AI models, and improve the robustness of the decisions and performance of the algorithms by reducing the model complexity and convergence time. Besides, outlining the core explainability and robustness techniques, we also provide two practical case studies that illustrate the application of these techniques for model simplification and improving robustness of radio resource management decisions.

This study delves into the capabilities of reconfig- urable intelligent surfaces (RISs) in enhancing bidirectional non- orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) networks. The proposed approach partitions RIS to optimize the channel conditions for NOMA users, improving NOMA gain and eliminating the re- quirement for uplink (UL) power control. The proposed approach is rigorously evaluated under four practical operational regimes; 1) Quality-of-Service (QoS) sufficient regime, 2) RIS and power efficient regime, 3) max-min fair regime, and 4) maximum throughput regime, each subject to both UL and downlink (DL) QoS constraints. By leveraging decoupled nature of RIS portions and base station (BS) transmit power, closed-form solutions are derived to demonstrate how optimal RIS partitioning can meet UL-QoS requirements while optimal BS power control can ensure DL-QoS compliance. Our analytical findings are validated through simulations, highlighting the significant benefits that RISs can bring to the NOMA networks in the aforementioned operational scenarios.

This paper proposes a novel approach for enhancing physical layer security (PLS) in wireless networks by utilizing a combination of reconfigurable intelligent surfaces (RIS) and artificial noise (AN). The proposed aerial RIS (A-RIS) concept utilizes a RIS-attached unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) that hovers over the network area to improve the signal quality for legitimate users and jam that of illegitimate ones. We propose a method of virtually partitioning the RIS, such that the partition phase shifts are configured to improve the intended signal at a legitimate user while simultaneously increasing the impact of AN on illegitimate users. Additionally, thanks to the availability of closed-form optimal RIS portions, the proposed deployment approaches converge in less than a second, making it suitable for dynamic A-RIS deployment.

This paper studies the joint trajectory and resource allocation problem for a laser-powered unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) assisted data aggregation framework. The considered system incorporates semi-passive nodes that establish their wireless communication links with the UAV via bistatic backscatter communications enabled by a battery-powered power beacon source. We aim to optimize the UAV trajectory while minimizing the laser energy consumption throughout the whole flight by tuning the laser power and the power beacon radiated temporal power profiles. Towards this aim, we first adopt path discretization to approximate the optimal control problem of interest into a non-linear programming one whilst accounting for the UAV dynamics constraints and available power budget restrictions. Then,  we solve the problem by successive convex approximation (SCA) over the joint set of variables and determine the problem feasibility by a data collection maximization problem. Moreover, we propose a low-complexity solution for the feasibility problem. Finally, the conducted simulations show that the proposed algorithm provides  50% collected data increase  and almost 50%  laser energy reduction  under different operation conditions such as laser station position, maximum laser output power, start and end points of the trajectory, power beacon battery capacity, and the  permissible flight length.

The Internet of Bodies is a network formed by wearable, implantable, ingestible, and injectable smart devices to collect physiological, behavioral, and structural information from the human body. Thus, the IoB technology can revolutionize the quality of human life by using these context-rich data in myriad smart-health applications. Radio frequency (RF) transceivers have been typically preferred due to their availability and maturity. However, for most RF standards (e.g. Bluetooth Low Energy), the highly radiative omnidirectional RF propagation (even at the lowest settings) reaches tens of meters of coverage, thereby reducing energy efficiency, causing interference and co-existence issues, and raising privacy and security concerns. On the other hand, body channel communication (BCC) confines low-power and low-frequency (10 kHz-100 MHz) signals to the human body, leading to more secure and efficient communications. Since energy efficiency is one of the critical design parameters of IoB networks, this paper focuses on energy-efficient orthogonal body channel access (OBA) and non-orthogonal body channel access (NOBA) schemes with and without cooperation. To this aim, three main BCC topologies are presented; point-to-point channel, medium access channel, and broadcast channel. These topologies are then used as building blocks to create IoB networks relying on OBA and NOBA schemes for downlink (DL) and uplink (UL) traffic. For all schemes and traffic directions, optimal transmit power and phase time allocations are derived in closed-form, which is essential to reduce energy consumption by eliminating computational power. The closed-form expressions are further leveraged to obtain maximum network size as a function of data rate requirement, bandwidth, and hardware parameters.

This paper introduces a reconfigurable intelligent surface (RIS)-assisted grant-free non-orthogonal multiple access (GF-NOMA) scheme. We propose a joint user equipment (UE) clustering and RIS assignment/alignment approach that ensures the power reception disparity required by the power domain NOMA (PD-NOMA). The proposed approach maximizes the network sum rate by judiciously pairing UE with distinct channel gains and assigning RISs to proper clusters. To alleviate the computational complexity of the joint approach, we decouple UE clustering and RIS assignment/alignment subproblems, which reduces run times 80 times while attaining almost the same performance. Once the proposed approaches acknowledge UEs with the cluster index, UEs are allowed to access corresponding resource blocks (RBs) at any time requiring neither further grant acquisitions from the base station (BS) nor power control as all UEs are requested to transmit at the same power. In addition to passive RISs containing only passive elements and giving an 18% better performance, an active RIS structure that enhances the performance by 37% is also used to overcome the double path loss problem. The numerical results also investigate the impact of UE density, RIS deployment, RIS hardware specifications, and the fairness among the UEs in terms of bit-per-joule energy efficiency.

This paper proposes synchronous grant-free non-orthogonal multiple access (GF-NOMA) frameworks that effectively integrate UE clustering and low-complexity power control to facilitate power reception disparity required by the power domain NOMA. While single-level GF-NOMA (SGF-NOMA) designates an identical transmit power for all user equipments (UEs),  multi-level GF-NOMA (MGF-NOMA) groups UEs into partitions based on the sounding reference signals strength and assign partitions with different identical power levels. Based on the objective of interest (e.g., max-sum or max-min rate), the proposed UE clustering scheme iteratively admits UEs to form clusters, whose size is dynamically determined based on the number of UEs and available resource blocks (RBs). Once the UEs are acknowledged with power levels and allocated RBs through random access response (RAR) messages, UEs can transmit anytime without grant acquisition. Numerical results show that the proposed GF-NOMA frameworks can compute clusters in the order of milliseconds for hundreds of UEs. The MGF-NOMA can reach up to 96-99% of the optimal benchmark max-sum rate, the SGF-NOMA reaches 87% of the optimal benchmark max-sum rate at the same power consumption. Since the MGF-NOMA and optimal benchmark enforces the strongest and weakest channel UEs to transmit at maximum and minimum transmit powers, respectively, the SGF-NOMA also offers a significantly higher energy consumption fairness and network lifetime as all UEs consume equal transmit powers. While the MGF-NOMA delivers an inferior max-min rate performance, the SGF-NOMA is shown to reach 3x106 MbpJ energy efficiency compared to 1x107 MbpJ

The Internet of Things (IoT) is a transformative technology marking the beginning of a new era where physical and digital worlds are integrated by connecting a plethora of uniquely identifiable smart objects. Although the Internet of terrestrial things (IoTT) has been at the center of our IoT perception, it has been recently extended to different environments, such as the Internet of underWater things (IoWT), the Internet of Biomedical things (IoBT), and Internet of underGround things (IoGT). Even though radio frequency (RF) based wireless networks are regarded as the default means of connectivity, they are not always the best option due to the limited spectrum, interference limitations caused by the ever-increasing number of devices, and severe propagation loss in transmission mediums other than air. As a remedy, optical wireless communication (OWC) technologies can complement, replace, or co-exist with audio and radio wave-based wireless systems to improve overall network performance. To this aim, this paper reveals the full potential of OWC-based IoT networks by providing a top-down survey of four main IoT domains: IoTT, IoBT, and IoGT. Each domain is covered by a dedicated and self-contained section that starts with a comparative analysis, explains how OWC can be hybridized with existing wireless technologies, points out potential OWC applications fitting best the related IoT domain, and discusses open communication and networking research problems. More importantly, instead of presenting a visionary OWC-IoT framework, the survey discloses that OWC-IoT has become a reality by emphasizing ongoing proof-of-concept prototyping efforts and available commercial off-the-shelf (COTS) OWC-IoT products.

Taking a cue from the Internet of Things, the Internet of Bodies (IoB) can be defined as a network of smart objects placed in, on, and around the human body, allowing for intra- and inter-body communications. This position paper aims to provide a glimpse into the opportunities created by implantable, injectable, ingestible, and wearable IoB devices. The paper starts with a thorough discussion of application-specific design goals, technical challenges, and enabling of communication standards. We discuss the reason that the highly radiative nature of radio frequency (RF) systems results in inefficient systems due to over-extended coverage that causes interference and becomes susceptible to eavesdropping. Body channel communication (BCC) presents an attractive, alternative wireless technology by inherently coupling signals to the human body, resulting in highly secure and efficient communications. The conductive nature of body tissues yields a better channel quality, while the BCC’s operational frequency range (1-100 kHz) eliminates the need for radio front-ends. State-of-the-art BCC transceivers can reach several tens of Mbps data rates at pJ/b energy efficiency levels that support IoB devices and applications. Furthermore, as the cyber and biological worlds meet, security risks and privacy concerns take center stage, leading to a discussion of the multi-faceted legal, societal, ethical, and political issues related to technology governance.

The Internet of Bodies (IoB) is an imminent extension of the vast Internet of things (IoT) domain, where wearable, ingestible, injectable, and implantable smart objects form a network in, on, and around the human body. Even though on-body IoB communications are required to occur within very close proximity of the human body, on-body wireless radio frequency (RF) IoB devices unnecessarily extend the coverage range beyond the human body due to their radiative nature. This eventually reduces energy efficiency, causes co-existence and interference issues, and exposes sensitive personal data to security threats. Alternatively, capacitive body channel communications (BCC) exhibit much less signal leakage by confining signal transmission to the human body and experience substantially less propagation loss than RF systems as body tissues has better conductivity than surrounding air. Furthermore, the BCC band (10-100 MHz) decouples the transceiver size from the carrier wavelength, eliminating the need for complex and power-hungry radio front-ends. Therefore, capacitive BCC is a key enabler to reach the ultimate design goals of ultra-low-power, high throughput, and small form-factor IoB devices. Albeit these attractive features, the communication and networking aspects of the capacitive BCC are not thoroughly explored yet. This paper is the first to model orthogonal and non-orthogonal body channel access schemes with or without cooperation among the IoB nodes. In order to address the quality of service (QoS) demand scenarios of different IoB applications, we present and formulate max-min rate, max-sum rate, and QoS sufficient operational regimes, then provide solution methodologies for optimal power and phase time allocations. Extensive numerical results are analyzed to compare the performance of orthogonal and non-orthogonal schemes with and without cooperation for various design parameters under prescribed QoS regimes.