Regular exercise is known to positively impact neurocognitive health, particularly in aging individuals. However, low adherence, particularly among older adults, hinders the adoption of exercise routines. While neuroplasticity mechanisms largely support the cognitive benefits of exercise, the link between physiological and behavioral factors influencing exercise adherence remains unclear. This study aimed to explore this association in sedentary middle-aged and older adults. Thirty-one participants underwent an evaluation of neuroplasticity using transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) to measure changes in motor-evoked potentials following intermittent theta-burst stimulation (iTBS). Health history, cardiorespiratory fitness, and exercise-related behavioral factors were also assessed. The participants engaged in a 2-month supervised aerobic exercise program, attending sessions three times a week for 60 minutes each, totaling 24 sessions at a moderate-to-vigorous intensity. They were divided into Completers (n=19), who attended all sessions, and Dropouts (n=12), who withdrew early. Completers exhibited lower smoking rates, exercise barriers, and resting heart rates compared to Dropouts. For Completers, regression models revealed that post-iTBS changes (β= -7.78, p= .013) and self-efficacy (β= −.51, p= .019) predicted exercise adherence (adjusted-R2= 0.44). Larger post-iTBS increases in motor-evoked potential amplitude indicated greater effectiveness of cortico-motor plasticity and were associated with better exercise adherence. In conclusion, this study highlights the significance of cortico-motor plasticity, self-efficacy, and cardiovascular health in exercise adherence. Given the well-established cognitive benefits of exercise, addressing sedentary behavior and enhancing self-efficacy are crucial for promoting adherence and optimizing brain health. Clinicians and researchers should prioritize assessing these variables to improve the effectiveness of exercise programs.