This work presents the analysis of short-circuit at solar power plant along with calculations,in three part series. The solar power plant is privately owned with rated capacity of 415 kW capable to produce minimum of 880 kWh , providing electricity to six consumers hospital, market/business center, industrial facility, two sectors comprising 400 households and to the Govt. owned 1 MVA, 11kV/400V, Dyn11 distribution transformer. In this study, twelve faults at certain conditions which bypass protectionary switch gear and trigger short circuit in the plant, as per electrical NEC standards is modeled with practical real-world operating conditions, has been analyzed. The failure of protectionary circuit from faults resulting in complete destruction of the solar plant but the successful protection of the DISCOM substation has been analyzed and presented with parameters. In this study, all the faults excluding the faults due to faulty battery management has been collectively presented which trigger uncontrolled short-circuit. The faults have been deliberately induced in the normal operating conditions and twelve such faults at consumer and grid site have been analyzed.

This paper presents the collection of 154 new images and results, obtained after performing many known image processing algorithms and digital image transformations techniques like adding noises namely Gaussian with variances, Poisson and speckle with variances; double precision, methods of Sobel, Prewitt and Robert; de- hazing algorithm, pixel intensities, vector quantization, k-means clustering, fuzzy logic and morphological segmentation. Images used in this paper are two X-Rays having the lateral and Posterior to Anterior (PA) views of the patient’s lungs who was diagnosed from Chlamydia Pneumonia which is a lung infection caused by bacteria of family Chlamydiaceae and order Chlamydiales, which causes respiratory tract infections and illness by damaging the lining of the respiratory tract including the throat, windpipe, and lungs. Chlamydia pneumoniae is a small gram-negative bacterium (0.2 - 1 μm). All results are included in the paper as well as separate images have also been uploaded on the open-access page. The data has been analyzed with histogram and mathematical polynomial fitting equations and matrices have been also submitted which can used in the digital testing of machines or computer diagnostic solutions. As these results reveal certain patterns, these further processed X-Ray results can help researchers or doctors in understanding ailment or diagnosing and to pharmacologists in making medicine or machine/therapy.

This paper presents the study on known algebraic cubic curves and elliptic curves. This paper derives the popular cubic curve or elliptic curve equation from Weierstrass equation from basic scratch, and discusses various cubic curves, elliptic curves and hyperelliptic curves. Various forms of elliptic curves and cubic algebriac curves viz., Ochoa curve, Mordell curve, projection, birational transformation, Conchoid of de Sluze, Maltese cross curve, Semicubical Parabola, Tschirnhausen Cubic, Right Strophoid, Strophoid, are studied.

This is the final part of the two- part series paper, where the simulation results namely leg’s trajectory, path tracing, obsacles detected, path constructed, movements of three motors and test like two-element chain three- element chain, are presented. I have left r&d, so will not correct update or complete papers. The earlier version of two parts, which was able to get saved from computer crash is uploaded.

In this paper, thirteen experiments are performed to measure the conducted electromagnetic emissions namely common mode and differential mode noises along with time-varying spectra. These emissions are generated by switching IGBTs of three phase three level inverter whose switching pulse width modulated frequency is varied at twelve frequencies from 8 kHz to 120 kHZ. Two equipments under test (EUT) are simultaneously measured for emissions using CE102 of MIL-STD-461G standard with line impedance stabilization network (LISN) and spectrum analyzer. The EUTs are inverter and asynchronous machine, where the inverter is nonlinear space vector modulated three-phase three-level diode neutral point clamped inverter, and the asynchronous machine is non-linear rotating machine, 20HP (15 kW), 400V, 50Hz, Y-winding, squirrel-cage induction motor. The harmonic distortion measurements namely total harmonic distortion(THD), THD in percentage, signal-to-noise ratio(SNR), signal-to-noise and distortion ratio(SINAD) and spurious-free dynamic range(SFDR) are calculated, tabulated and plotted at 15 harmonics resulting from the emissions. The time varying spectra is captured using Welch’s method and Short-time Fourier transform and is also submitted as dataset for each phase of the asynchronous machine and the inverter.

In this paper, brushless DC motors are evaluated for nonlinear flux-linkages and thermal losses in the windings and rotor, which causes additional voltage drop and can lead to very dangerous symmetrical three phase line-line-line (LLL) short-circuit. In the paper, it is shown that if the motor does not have appropriate cooling mechanism or other protectionary switchgear, the temperatures in 8-pole (or higher poles) motor with continuous load reaches 1000◦ C, which is nearer to the melting point of copper winding. Thirteen BLDC motors with pole pairs varying from 1 to 13 are studied for comparison for the simulation of thermal losses. The resulting eleven outputs namely rotor angle matrices, flux linkages matrices, flux linkage partial derivatives with respect to current vector, rotor angle, per phase current, each phase winding temperatures, rotor temperature, have been collected as datasets. On knowing the estimated increase in temperature, manufacturers can decide appropriate insulation, cooling mechanism and other motor protectionary circuits.

This is the third part of four-part series paper, where the control dynamics built on transtibial mathematical model is explained. The trajectory development and control dynamics equations with respect to obstacles detected is explained with popular algorithms employed in robotics and self-driving vehicles but . In this paper, it is mathematically and practically proved that Lagrangian of the kinetic and potential energy of artificial leg can never be equal to zero and is always equal to non-conservative forces and thus, any model based on the assumption of conservative forces is fully invalid practically. I have left r&d, so will not correct update or complete papers. The earlier version of two parts, which was able to get saved from computer crash is uploaded.

This paper presents the comprehensive numerical analysis of three-sliding manifold control algorithm to estimate rotor angle/position, θe , sensorlessly in brushless DC synchronous machine. The Lyapunov stability and convergence in the discrete time is also analyzed for each of these algorithms for both continuous and discontinuous controls. The algorithm has also been examined for computation cost and complexity given by the upper bound, Big O. The control estimation algorithm is irrespective of the machine construction but this paper also elaborates 7.5 Hp (5.5 kW) brushless machine construction with winding table in a non-salient eight pole rotor, double layer wye-winding with 48 slots.

This paper presents the comprehensive numerical analysis of four, second order sliding manifold control algorithms to estimate rotor angle/position, θe, sensorlessly in brushless DC synchronous machine, namely, twisting, super twisting, convergence law and quasi-continuous sliding controller. The Lyapunov stability and convergence along with trajectories in the discrete time is also analyzed for each of these algorithms for both continuous and discontinuous controls.

This is the final part of the three part series paper where the novel idea of representing flyback transformer losses as loss functions using hyperbolic secant spline interpolation,determination of the flyback transformer core saturation and instability in the control feedback loop from the loss function using Lyapunov method has been presented with scientific proof and validity. In this paper, the comparative analysis of 36 different flyback transformers from 30W to 85W is being presented.These two-winding transformers are operated in continuous/discontinuous mode,switched from MOSFET controlled by microcontroller from 60 kHz to 97 kHz. Eighteen wattage’s which are used internationally at different voltage and current ratings have been analyzed on fifteen different cores - EEL22, EE25, EEL25,EF25, EE28, EER28, EER28L, EE35, RM8/I, ETD29/16/10,ETD34/17/11, E25/13/7, PR30x19, ATQ27/18, RM12/I.

This is the second part of the three part series paper where the novel idea of representing flyback transformer losses as loss functions using hyperbolic secant spline interpolation, and its use in determining flyback transformer core saturation and instability in the control feedback loop from the loss function using Lyapunov method has been presented with scientific proof and validity. In this paper, the comparative analysis of 36 different flyback transformers from 2W to 27W is being presented. These two-winding transformers are operated in continuous/discontinuous mode, switched from MOSFET controlled by microcontroller from 41 kHz to 97 kHz. Eighteen wattage’s which are used internationally at different voltage and current ratings have been analyzed on fifteen different cores - EPC13, EF12.6, EFD15, EE13, EE16, EEL16,EE19, EEL19,EFD20,EE25, E20/10/6, PR18x11,EEL22,RM6S/I, RM8/I.

This is a three part series paper, where the novel idea of representing flyback transformer losses as loss functions has been presented with scientific proof.Thirteen calculations for each transformer have been tabulated and used to derive mathematical loss function using hyperbolic secant spline interpolation which is subjected to Lyapunov method to predict core saturation and instability in the control loop. For scientific validity, 72 working transformers at thirty-six wattage’s which are being internationally used, have been examined to check, whether such proposition is valid or not.The definiteness of matrix,singular value decomposition,Lyapunov exponents are also tabulated. Then each of these transformers are simulated with non-linearies of Li-ion battery namely state of charge (SoC), self-discharge resistance, temperature-dependent leakage resistance,five time-constant dynamics, deterioration of battery performance over repeated charge and discharge cycles. The coefficients in the Jiles-Atherton model have been altered with fractional perturbations to obtain hysteresis curves.Various interesting comparisons in Bm,Bp,AC flux densities, effect on varying the coefficients in JA, residual errors, Lyapunov exponents, switching frequency vs MOSFET and transformer losses, reflected voltages, are tabulated and plotted.