Head injuries pose a significant risk in industries such as construction and manufacturing, making helmet use essential for safety. This paper presents a comparative analysis of six YOLO (You Only Look Once) models-YOLOv5mu, YOLOv6m, YOLOv7, YOLOv8m, YOLOv9 (m, GELAN-c, GELAN-e), and YOLOv10m-for helmet detection using a public dataset. The models are evaluated for mean Average Precision (mAP), frames per second (FPS), training time, and model size. YOLOv9 (GELAN-e) achieves the highest accuracy with 96.17% mAP at 0.1% confidence and 82.71% at 70% confidence. YOLOv8m is the fastest, achieving 45.37 FPS, while YOLOv10m has the highest mAP (85.10%) at 70% confidence and is the most compact (33.5 MB). YOLOv9 (GELAN-c) offers the shortest training time (1.32 hours), while YOLOv9 strikes the best balance between accuracy, speed, and size. These findings suggest YOLOv9 as an excellent choice for applications requiring both accuracy and efficiency, while YOLOv8m is optimal for real-time scenarios.

In recent years, the popularity of network intrusion detection systems (NIDS) has surged, driven by the widespread adoption of cloud technologies. Given the escalating network traffic and the continuous evolution of cyber threats, the need for a highly efficient NIDS has become paramount for ensuring robust network security. Typically, intrusion detection systems utilize either a pattern-matching system or leverage machine learning for anomaly detection. While pattern-matching approaches tend to suffer from a high false positive rate (FPR), machine learning-based systems, such as SVM and KNN, predict potential attacks by recognizing distinct features. However, these models often operate on a limited set of features, resulting in lower accuracy and higher FPR. In our research, we introduced a deep learning model that harnesses the strengths of a Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) combined with a Bidirectional LSTM (Bi-LSTM) to learn spatial and temporal data features. The model, evaluated using the NSL-KDD dataset, exhibited a high detection rate with a minimal false positive rate. To enhance accuracy, K-fold cross-validation was employed in training the model. This paper showcases the effectiveness of the CNN with Bi-LSTM algorithm in achieving superior performance across metrics like accuracy, F1-score, precision, and recall. The binary classification model trained on the NSLKDD dataset demonstrates outstanding performance, achieving a high accuracy of 99.5% after 10-fold cross-validation, with an average accuracy of 99.3%. The model exhibits remarkable detection rates (0.994) and a low false positive rate (0.13). In the multiclass setting, the model maintains exceptional precision (99.25%), reaching a peak accuracy of 99.59% for k-value=10. Notably, the Detection Rate for k-value=10 is 99.43%, and the mean False Positive Rate is calculated as 0.214925.

Deep learning (DL) has emerged as a key technique in smart grid operations for task classification of power quality disturbances (PQDs). Even though these models have considerably improved the efficiency of power infrastructure, their susceptibility to adversarial attacks presents potential difficulties. For the first time, we introduce a novel algorithm called Adaptive Edge (AdaptEdge), which effectively employs targeted universal adversarial attacks to deceive DL models working with time series data. The unique contribution of this algorithm is its ability to maintain a delicate balance between the fooling rate and the imperceptibility of perturbations to human observers. Our results demonstrate a fooling rate of up to 90.78% in the ResNet50 model—the highest achieved thus far—while maintaining an optimal signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of 3dB and ensuring signal integrity. We implemented our algorithm across various advanced DL models and found considerable efficacy, demonstrating its adaptability and versatility across diverse architectures. The results of our study highlight the pressing need for developing more robust DL model implementations in the context of the smart grid. Additionally, our proposed approach demonstrates its effectiveness in addressing this need.

The utilization of deep learning models has been widely recognized for its significant contribution to the enhancement of smart grid operations, particularly in the domain of power quality disturbance (PQD) classification. Nevertheless, the emergence of vulnerabilities like targeted universal adversarial attacks can significantly undermine the reliability and security of deep learning models. These attacks can exploit the model’s weaknesses, causing it to misclassify PQDs with potentially catastrophic consequences. In our previous research, we for the first time examined the vulnerability of deep learning models to targeted universal adversarial attacks on time series data in smart grids by introducing a novel algorithm that effectively attacks by maintaining a trade-off between fooling rate and imperceptibility. While this attack method demonstrated notable efficacy, it also emphasized the pressing need for robust defensive mechanisms to safeguard these critical systems. This paper provides a thorough examination and evaluation of different defense strategies, specifically adversarial training, defensive distillation, and feature squeezing, in order to identify the most effective method for mitigating targeted universal adversarial (TUA) attacks on time series data for three different types of imperceptibility (high, medium and low). Based on our analysis, adversarial training demonstrates a significant reduction in the success rate of attacks. Specifically, the technique reduced fooling rates by an average of 23.73% for high imperceptibility, 31.04% for medium imperceptibility, and a substantial 42.96% for low imperceptibility. These findings highlight the crucial role of adversarial training in enhancing the integrity of deep learning applications.

Driving hazards encompass a range of factors, such as poor road conditions, weather, and human behavior. They represent a significant threat to the safety of individuals on the road and are very likely one of the leading causes of traffic accidents. These hazards exist alongside well-known risk factors like driving under the influence of drugs, extreme fatigue, drowsiness, and excessive speeding. Impaired driving, which includes behaviors such as drunk or drugged driving, has persistently plagued American roads for many years. It poses an ongoing risk, not only to the impaired driver but also to other road users and the surrounding infrastructure. The primary objective of this paper is to investigate specific forms of distractions that drivers encounter. These distractions encompass activities such as texting or using a mobile device, eating, conversing with passengers, and paying attention to advertising signs along the roadside. The research aims to understand how each of these distractions affects a driver's ability to operate a vehicle safely. In essence, this chapter delves into the various ways in which these distractions can compromise a driver's attention and, consequently, impact road safety