Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) has emerged as a strong candidate for numerous Internet of Things (IoT) applications. Its advertising mode simplifies the complexity of implementation and extends the lifetime of equipment by eliminating the need for connection function, making it widely applicable in remote monitoring scenarios. In this research, we investigate the age of information (AoI) for monitoring over a BLE advertising network in which the duty cycle of the receiver scanning channels is set to 1 and each monitoring sensor broadcasts its status updates through m advertising events. Specifically, both the single-user and multiuser scenarios are examined. For the single-user scenario, we derive the average AoI and energy efficiency (EE) for the time-triggered (TT) traffic and eventtriggered (ET) traffic, respectively. On this basis, a comparative analysis is conducted between the average AoI of TT traffic and ET traffic, revealing that the average AoI of TT traffic is smaller than that of ET traffic with the same input rate. Furthermore, we explore the tradeoff between AoI and EE through minimizing the average AoI-EE ratio and minimizing AoI under EE constraints, respectively, by optimizing m. For the multiuser scenario, we characterize the receiving state through collision model, and investigate the AoI performance under zerowaiting policy. Further, we formulate a convex optimization problem to optimize the average AoI by adjusting the advertising interval. We not only propose an algorithm based on bisection method to find the exact solution, but also derive an approximate closed form solution.

Wireless audio transmission has always been the focus of Bluetooth application scenarios. Future audio use cases, such as multi-streaming to assist stereo imaging experiences, broadcast audio sharing, hearing aid support, etc., have higher requirements for quality of service (QoS). LE Audio based on Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) is considered to be a replacement for the Bluetooth classic audio standard in the next generation of audio applications. However, until now, the performance of CIS-based LE Audio has not been fully analyzed. In this paper, we propose a mathematical model to evaluate the performance of CIS such as packet loss rate (PLR), throughput, backlog, delay, and average power consumption. In addition, the feasibility of multi-hop transmission based on CIS is explored, and the model is extended to analyze the end-to-end PLR and throughput. Finally, the accuracy of the proposed model is verified by simulation results, and the relationship between CIS parameters and performance is analyzed, providing guidance for parameter selection in LE Audio applications.

For the Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) connection events, a 2-dimensional Markov chain-based model is proposed in this letter, to compute and analyze the duration, duty cycle, power consumption and the maximum throughputs. A general application of peer-to-peer bidirectional data transmission is described in this model, by taking the influence of data transmission states of both the central and peripheral devices on connection event state into account. The impacts of  connection parameters, closing rules of connection events and channel quality on the performance are also analyzed. Experimental results show that the proposed model can accurately calculate the terms of average connection event duration, average energy consumption and the maximum throughputs of both the central and peripheral devices.