Abstract
Natural hybridisation is now recognised as pervasive in its occurrence
across the Tree of Life. Resurgent interest in natural hybridisation
fuelled by developments in genomics has led to an improved understanding
of the genetic factors that promote or prevent species cross-mating.
Despite this body of work overturning many widely held assumptions about
the genetic barriers to hybridisation, it is still widely thought that
ploidy differences between species will be an absolute barrier to
hybridisation and introgression. Here, we revisit this assumption,
reviewing findings from surveys of polyploidy and natural hybrids in the
wild. In a case study in the British flora, 203 hybrids representing
35% of hybrids with suitable data have formed via cross-ploidy matings,
while a wider literature search revealed 48 studies (45 in plants and 3
in animals), where cross-ploidy hybridisation has been confirmed with
genetic data. These results show cross-ploidy hybridisation is readily
overlooked, and potentially common in some groups. General findings from
these studies include strong directionality of hybridisation, with
introgression usually towards the higher ploidy parent, and cross-ploidy
hybridisation being more likely to involve allopolyploids than
autopolyploids. Evidence for adaptive introgression across a ploidy
barrier and cases of cross-ploidy hybrid speciation show the potential
for important evolutionary outcomes.