The future of SARS-CoV-2 in animals: what will be the role of animals in
COVID-19 epidemiology?
Abstract
Animals are common hosts for many coronaviruses where bats and
rodents are commonly regarded as primary reservoirs. The unquestionable
emergence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2
(SARS-CoV-2) in a yet unknown animal host - in addition with reports of
further anthropogenic spread and sustained transmission in mustelids,
captive felids, and domestic dogs and cats owned by people previously
tested as SARS-CoV-2-positive, rise some concerns about possible
continuous maintenance of the virus in nature and domestic species. In
this review, we discussed the current data about coronaviruses in
domestic and farming animals, recombination events, animal species
susceptibility, virus-cell receptor interactions, and clinical signs of
most relevant Coronaviridae members of each genera. Also, we
present what is known about SARS-CoV-2 in animals and what will be the
potential role of those species in COVID-19 epidemiology. Apparently,
the virus can infect pets on some occasions, where cats look to be more
susceptible than dogs. Thus, pet infection by sick owners is not only
likely but expected given the numerous opportunities for spill-over
during a massive outbreak. Regarded to farm animals, attention should be
focused on breeding species of the Mustelidae family since they
are those that have been shown to be more susceptible in experimental
infections and have also effectively exhibited animal-to-human
transmission. Other intensively bred species such as poultry, swine,
horses and ruminants seem to present little or no epidemiological risk
so far. The continuous monitoring of SARS-CoV-2 in animals in close
contact with people with COVID-19 may be a key in the understanding of
this emergent disease and the animal’s role in epidemiology in the
future. It is possible that some species will serve as important
reservoirs and source of infection of COVID-19 for humans making it
re-emergent in the future, as is theoretically proposed for the origin
of SARS-CoV-2.