Enhanced firing of locus coeruleus neurons and SK channel dysfunction
are conserved in distinct models of prodromal Parkinson's disease
Abstract
Background and Purpose: Parkinson’s disease (PD) is clinically defined
by the presence of the cardinal motor symptoms, which are associated
with a loss of dopaminergic nigrostriatal neurons in the substantia
nigra pars compacta (SNpc). While SNpc neurons serve as the prototypical
cell-type to study cellular vulnerability in PD, there is an unmet need
to extent our efforts to other neurons at risk. The noradrenergic locus
coeruleus (LC) represents one of the first brain structures affected in
Parkinson’s disease (PD) and plays not only a crucial role for the
evolving non-motor symptomatology, but it is also believed to contribute
to disease progression by efferent noradrenergic deficiency.
Experimental Approach: Therefore, we sought to characterized the
electrophysiological properties of LC neurons in two distinct PD models:
(1) in an in vivo mouse model of focal α-synuclein overexpression; and
(2) in an in vitro rotenone-induced PD model. Key Results: Despite the
fundamental differences of these two PD models, α-synuclein
overexpression as well as rotenone exposure led to an accelerated
autonomous pacemaker frequency of LC neurons, accompanied by severe
alterations of the afterhyperpolarization amplitude. On the mechanistic
side, we identified small-conductance Ca2+-activated K+ (SK) channels as
crucial mediators of the increased LC neuronal excitability and
demonstrate that pharmacological activation of these channels is
sufficient to prevent increased LC pacemaking and subsequent
neurodegeneration following in vitro rotenone exposure. Conclusion and
Implications: These findings highlight the important role of SK channels
in PD by linking α-synuclein- and rotenone-induced LC pathology to SK
channel dysfunction.