Projection of Global Future Lightning Occurrence using only Large-Scale
Environmental Variables in CAM5
Abstract
This study evaluates a lightning parameterization that utilizes only
large-scale environmental variables (i.e., convective available
potential energy (CAPE), column moisture, and lifting condensation level
(LCL)) for present-day (2017-19) and end-of-century (2098-2100) RCP8.5
climate scenarios in the Community Atmosphere Model version 5 (CAM5).
Using a single equation, the present-day prediction can produce a
reasonable land/ocean ratio in lightning occurrence. The end-of-century
prediction shows relative increases of about 50% over higher-latitude
land, but much more variable increases and decreases across mid-latitude
ocean and the tropics such that the overall global lightning occurrence
is expected to slightly decrease. Lightning occurrence over land
predicted from present-day CAM5 is less than that using MERRA-2
reanalysis because of differences in the basic-state variables used as
predictors. In addition, the choice of dilute or undilute CAPE will
impact future lightning predictions over land, but the environment-only
parameterization results are more consistent than a CAPE x precipitation
parameterization.