The Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Pediatric Pneumonia: A Case
Series Analysis
Abstract
Background: Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) is a leading
cause of pediatric morbidity and mortality, particularly in developing
countries. The COVID-19 pandemic, with its extensive non-pharmaceutical
interventions (NPIs), has significantly altered respiratory infection
patterns. This study explores the pandemic’s impact on severe pediatric
pneumonia cases and the potential effects of NPIs on respiratory
diseases. Methods: We report a case series of 48 pediatric
patients with severe pneumonia, presenting in two groups: 13 patients
from September to November 2023 and 35 patients from December 2022 to
January 2023. Results: The median age was 6 years. Common
symptoms included cough and fever, with 76.9% reporting recent upper
respiratory infections. Many patients deteriorated rapidly, requiring
intensive care. Streptococcus pneumoniae was the most common pathogen
identified. Significant interventions included chest tube insertions,
video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS), and thrombolytic therapy.
The study noted a rise in necrotizing pneumonia (NP) and severe
complications, including respiratory failure and multi-organ
dysfunction, with a 4.1% mortality rate. Discussion: The study
suggests that pandemic-related changes in respiratory infection
patterns, particularly reduced influenza and altered bacterial
coinfection rates, may have led to an ”immunity debt”. This phenomenon
could result from weakened immune responses due to reduced exposure to
common pathogens during the pandemic, leading to more severe bacterial
infections post-pandemic. Conclusion: The findings emphasize
the need for vigilance in monitoring respiratory infections in children
post-pandemic. Enhanced vaccination, timely diagnosis, and effective
treatment are essential for managing the evolving challenges of
pediatric pneumonia in the COVID-19 aftermath.