From Habitat to Genotype: The Complex Interplay of Climate, Phenotypes,
and Taxonomy in Teosinte
Abstract
Teosintes, the wild relatives of maize, exhibit a wide ecogeographic
distribution across Mexico and Central America, spanning starkly varying
precipitation and temperatures. Understanding the genetic basis of
teosinte’s adaptation to such conditions is crucial for its in situ
conservation. We present findings from a study of 3,455 individuals
across 276 teosinte populations, encompassing all known taxa except Zea
vespertillio. Environmental and morphological data, along with genotype
data comprising 33,929 SNPs, were analysed to elucidate the genetic
population structure, ecological adaptation, and candidate genes
associated with various climatic factors and phenotypic traits. Our
results revealed distinct genetic and phenotypic adaptations within
teosinte populations, shaped by the climate conditions of their
habitats. Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) identified significant
SNPs associated with morphological traits and environmental factors,
elucidating adaptive mechanisms in teosinte evolution. Comparative
analysis with maize literature on GWAS on SNPs found to be associated
with agronomically important maize phenotypes highlighted both shared
and unique genetic variants between teosinte and maize. Furthermore,
protein function annotated to marker loci regions revealed the
multifaceted nature of adaptive strategies in teosinte, indicating
different potentially adaptive loci, even between populations growing in
similar environmental conditions. Recognizing this diversity is
important for teosinte conservation, as pointed out by new international
frameworks, and for its management considering teosinte’s gene flow with
maize, potential transgenic flow and the risk of new weeds emergence.
Our research underscores the importance of studying the genetic
diversity of crop wild relatives at the population level within centers
of origin.