Evaluating next-generation sequencing utility for genotyping and sex
determination using historical and contemporary sloughed skin samples
from humpback whales (Megaptera novaeangliae)
Abstract
Non-invasively collected samples such as sloughed skin has proven viable
for genetic analysis using microsatellites and mitochondrial DNA, even
when degraded. Next-generation sequencing techniques using single
nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), offer a favourable alternative for
degraded DNA, advancing our capacity to address important evolutionary,
ecological and conservation questions for long-term studies of globally
distributed species. This study utilised a next-generation sequencing
approach for the first time to investigate SNP genotyping on 91 humpback
whale (Megaptera novaengliae) sloughed skin tissues from both historical
(2001 and 2003) and contemporary (2022) collections. DNA quality and
quantity assessments confirmed successful long-term preservation and
viability of historical skin tissues (>20 years old) with no
significant degradation over time. SNP genotyping using sloughed skin
produced reliable SNP markers (i.e., high quantity and quality)
applicable for future genetic assessments. Three sex-linked markers
associated with maleness were identified, suggesting heterogametic male
(XX/YY) sex determination, although these markers alone are not reliable
for accurate sexing. This study confirms the viability of SNP genotyping
from historical and contemporary sloughed skin samples, supporting a
collaborative, non-invasive approach to genetic and conservation
research on humpback whales and other wide-ranging species.