Multi-class steroid profiling in short-finned pilot whale blubber using
liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS)
Abstract
Rationale: Wildlife scientists are quantifying steroid hormones in a
growing number of tissue types and employing novel methods which must
undergo validation before application. This study tested the accuracy
and precision of liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry
(LC-MS/MS) methods for use on blubber samples from short-finned pilot
whales ( Globicephala macrorhynchus). We expanded upon a method
for corticosteroid quantification by increasing the number of analytes
and optimizing internal standards application. Methods: We optimized a
method for the quantification of seven steroid hormones using LC-MS/MS
with a C18 column. We assessed the accuracy and precision of this
updated C18 method and an existing Biphenyl method for use with
short-finned pilot whale blubber tissue by conducting a spike-recovery
experiment and calculating percent recovery and relative standard
deviation (RSD) for each analyte. To explore the potential for running
this method more cost-effectively with fewer matched internal standards
(IS), we compared the performance of multiple internal standards for
each analyte. Results: The C18 method produced reliable quantitation for
the seven target adrenal steroids. The measurement of all 11 adrenal and
gonadal analytes was both accurate and precise, with percent recoveries
between 82 % to 110 % and RSDs below 10 %. IS comparisons showed 10
of 11 analytes could be calculated accurately and precisely with at
least one of the IS substitutes. Though many internal standard
substitutions met percent recovery and RSD requirements, some of these
substitutions significantly altered the analyte concentrations
calculated. Discussion: The methods developed and tested in this study
provide reliable detection and quantification of 11 steroid hormones,
including DHEA, which has not been previously quantified in blubber.
These methods can be used for more comprehensive assessments of adrenal
and gonadal steroid hormones from whales. Laboratories can reduce costs
through IS substitution but should consider how these substitutions
might affect results.