Bicyclo [3.2.1] octane-type intermediate (BOI) is a crucial intermediate that can react with water to undergo decarboxylation and produce theaflavins. Given this reactivity, it is logical to assume that BOI can also react with other polar solvents, such as alcohols, to yield the corresponding analogues. In this study, pyrogallol (PG) was used as the substrate and Ag2O as the oxidant to synthesize BOIPPG in an acetone system. Subsequently, our hypothesis was confirmed by the successful synthesis of e-substituted purpurogallin formic acid ester derivatives. Finally, we established a novel detailed mechanism for the generation of benzotropolone derivatives with the aid of a mechanical quantum.

We consider conditions for the decay in time of solutions of non-homogenous hyperbolic equations. It is proven that solutions of the equations go to 0 in L 2 at infinity if and only if an equation’s right-hand side uniquely determines the initial conditions in a certain way. We also obtain that a hyperbolic equation has a unique solution that fades when t→∞.

Leaf photosynthesis models are used extensively in photosynthesis research and are embedded in many larger scale models. Typical photosynthesis models simplify light intensity as the integrated intensity over the 400 to 700 nm waveband (Photosynthetic Active Radiation; PAR). However, far-red light (700-750 nm, FR) also drives photosynthesis when supplied in addition to light within the PAR spectrum. Currently, it is unknown how much far-red light contributes to carbon assimilation under various spectral light conditions. We developed a combined experimental and computational method to quantify FR stimulation. Gas-exchange parameters and incident light spectra were measured simultaneously and analysed with wavelength-dependent modelling of light harvesting. Hereto, separate excitation of Photosystem I and Photosystem II was calculated from incident light spectra. The effect of FR supplementation on photosynthesis was subsequently modelled and expressed as a single parameter ρ. We tested our method on Solanum dulcamara, Lactuca sativa and Phaseolus vulgaris under various light conditions. Results show consistent species-specific ρ-values across a range of FR levels. Our method provides an approach to consistently quantify the effect of FR stimulation on photosynthesis and harmonize the interpretation of photosynthesis measurements under different light regimes, for example in (experimental) setups with artificial FR supplementation or in canopies.

Objective: The aim of this study is to comprehensively investigate the clinical manifestations, pathological diagnosis, differential diagnosis, and prognostic implications in patients with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) manifesting as bone marrow invasion accompanied by peripheral blood counts. Method: A retrospective analysis was conducted on 16 patients diagnosed with DLBCL involving bone marrow and exhibiting peripheral blood abnormalities. Detailed clinical data, laboratory investigations, bone marrow biopsy hematoxylin and eosin (HE) sections, and immunohistochemical stains were compiled and analyzed. Results: Among the patients, B symptoms (11/16, 68.75%) and fatigue (9/16, 56.25%) were the most common symptoms. The diagnostic accuracy of bone marrow biopsy was 100%(16/16). The distribution pattern of abnormal cells in bone marrow biopsies was diffuse in 37.5%(6/16), interstitial in 31.25%(5/16), mixed in 18.75%(3/16), and nodular in 12.5%(2/16) of cases. The tumors originated from the germinal center in 12.5% (2/16) of cases and from non-germinal center sources in 87.5%(14/16). Fibrosis grades were distributed as follows: grade 0 in 1 case (1/16), grade 1 in 7 cases (7/16), and grade 2 in 8 cases (8/16).All 16 patients exhibited invasive disease progression, 3 fatalities ocuuring due to lack of treatment.1 patient unfortunately passed away six months after commencing R-CHOP and R-DHAP chemotherapy. Conclusion: This study offers a comprehensive insight into the clinical and pathological features of DLBCL infiltrating bone marrow with peripheral blood reduction, highlighting the importance of accurate diagnostic techniques and timely intervention in these patients.

Efficient handling of perishable medication inventory is crucial for maintaining healthcare system operations. It prioritizes patient needs while also aiming to minimize costs and environmental impact. This study enhanced a production inventory model to address the distinct challenges like deterioration, preservation technology, and carbon emissions associated with perishable medications. With these considerations, a mathematical model has developed an optimal production inventory that balances cost efficiency with environmental sustainability. Finally, the sensitivity analysis and results validated the model's effectiveness across diverse scenarios.

Background: Supposed ‘spontaneous’ remissions in chronic lymphocytic leukemia/CLL are extremely rare. By the most stringent immunophenotypic criteria, there are only seven cases to date of unexplained, immune system effected cures. A historic review of this phenomenon is presented as context for this eighth case of CLL immunophenotypic reversal. Case history: A 59-year-old, molecular biologist, stage I CLL, whose diagnosis and recovery were both thoroughly documented, not content to watch and wait, chose to treat himself, after individual tumour susceptibility testing, with evidence based, biological response modifiers, which initially seemed to keep his CLL stable. This included 1mg of hydroxocobalamin injected i.m. daily. However, after some years his lymphocytosis began slowly to drift upwards. At that point, he was persuaded to change his injection protocol to methylcobalamin, at 50 mg i.m. a day, a dose whose clinical safety is sufficiently well established, and a form of cobalamin that the research literature shows has anticancer actions. Outcome: This change in cobalamin form and dose proved a critical turning point. Complete disappearance of the lymphocytosis also coincided with a severe infection and an even further temporary increase of the parenteral methylcobalamin dose, both catalytic factors. In the 4th & 5th years following this, the patient’s repeated immunophenotyping showed no clonal disease present. A brief review of the field of cobalamin in cancer research and treatment is given, with discussion of the various mechanisms by which cobalamins may impact on cancer/CLL. Historic analysis reveals that cyanocobalamin is generally cancer promotional, whereas hydroxocobalamin, methylcobalamin and adenosylcobalamin are cancer protective and cytotoxic. It is hypothesised that the actions of cobalamin in cancer aetiology and oncogenesis/progression are intertwined with those of nitric oxide, which tumours regulate to dupe the immune system to their presence, by causing a functional cobalamin deficiency in the host.

Bacteriophages, or phages (viruses of bacteria), play significant roles in shaping the diversity of bacterial communities within the human gut. A phage-infected bacterial cell can either immediately undergo lysis (virulent/lytic infection) or enter a stable state within the host as a prophage (lysogeny) until a trigger event, called prophage induction, initiates the lysis process. We develop an approach based on a model structured in terms of time since bacterial infection. We derive important threshold parameters for the asymptotic dynamics of the system and demonstrate that the model’s qualitative behavior can range from the extinction of all bacterial strains to the persistence of a single strain (either lysogen or non-lysogen bacteria) or the coexistence of all strains at a positive steady state. We highlight the existence of critical induction rate values that lead to the coexistence of all states through periodic oscillations. We also conduct a global sensitivity analysis for an effective bacterial clearance. In scenarios where antibiotics are not sufficiently effective, we identify four key phage parameter traits: (i) the phage induction probability, describing the capacity of prophages to be induced, (ii) the probability of absorption, describing the phages’ ability to invade susceptible bacteria, (iii) the reproduction number of susceptible bacteria in the absence of antibiotics, and (iv) the latent period, describing the time since absorption. The obtained results emphasize the effective therapeutic potential of selected phages.

Within-species Individual Trait Variation (ITV) is now recognised as an important source of variability in ecological communities. Individual variation in trophic niche traits (i.e. individual niche width and between-individual variation) can greatly modify top-down and/or competitive interactions. Trophic traits vary according to variation in ecological opportunity, which represents the range of exploitable resources. While the role of prey availability in driving trophic traits is well-established, abiotic drivers (e.g. habitat structure) are rarely accounted for, or are solely considered via their effect on the prey community. We aimed to disentangle prey-mediated from direct habitat effects on trophic ITV in a critically endangered riverine fish, the Rhone streber (Zingel asper). We quantified individual trophic traits using high-resolution diet data obtained from faeces metabarcoding, and quantified prey availability and habitat structure using a fine-scale sampling protocol. Trophic traits were driven by distinct mechanisms: the individual niche width was driven by prey availability, while between-individual variation was largely driven by habitat conditions. Habitat conditions acted both directly on trophic traits and indirectly via their effect on the prey community. By simultaneously accounting for biotic and abiotic drivers of trophic ITV, we obtained a more complete understanding of how prey availability and habitat structure jointly determine ecological opportunity. Furthermore, by accounting for fine-scale variation in prey community and habitat conditions, the importance of spatial heterogeneity factors was highlighted. This study demonstrates how robust metabarcoding data, combined with detailed prey community and habitat information can be used to reveal the mechanistic pathways that drive trophic traits.

Gracilaria is a genus of red-algae found mainly in Asia. The population of Gracilaria spread throughout Indonesia’s marine waters, especially in coastal areas. To date, the unique protein expressions using proteomic approach moreover in Central Java area, Indonesia is sporadic. Nonetheless, there has been no report mentioned about Gracilaria spp. amino acid sequences nor its characteristics. Based on the background mentioned, we aimed to conduct protein characterization by using peptide sequence analysis LC-HRMS. Liquid chromatography coupled with high-resolution mass spectrometry (LC–HRMS) use has growing across biomedical and environmental sciences, hence provides high accuracy for the detection. We followed the LC-HRMS standard protocol, with optimized precipitation standard. TCA/Aceton precipitation of protein were used as protein purification, then the precipitate subjected for Trypsin digestion. Result of protein analysis were described as protein concentrations, molecular model, and peptide sequences. This experiment showed four identified sequences derived from Rhodophyta database, there are TKKILDK (845.5455 Da), TVKSLLTK (889.5717 Da), ILVKTLK (814.5761 Da), TGcGRSKR (921.4683 Da). This study uncovers peptide sequences for Gracilaria spp. and its similarity with other red algae species along with the function of whole peptide sequences. Furthermore, amino acid models of secondary structure Hidden Markov Model(HMM) were provided to support our findings.

Thick electrode, with its feasibility and cost-effectiveness, has attracted significant attention as a promising approach to maximize the energy density of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). Through raising the mass loading of active materials without altering the fundamental chemical attributes, thick electrodes can boost the energy density of the batteries effectively. Nevertheless, as the thickness of the electrode increases, the ionic conductivity of the electrode decreases, leading to abominable polarization in the thickness direction, which severely hampers the practical application of a thick electrode. This work proposes a novel porous gradient design of high-performance thick electrodes for LIBs. By constructing a porous structure that serves as a fast transport pathway for lithium (Li) ions, the ion transport kinetics within thick electrodes are significantly enhanced. Meanwhile, a particle size gradient design is incorporated to further mitigate polarization effects within the electrode, leading to substantial improvements in reaction homogeneity and material utilization. Employing this strategy, we have fabricated a porous gradient nanocellulose-carbon-nanotube based thick electrode, which exhibits an impressive capacity retention of 86.7% at a high mass loading of LiCoO2 (LCO) active material (20 mg cm⁻²) and a high current density of 5 mA cm⁻².

This study explores the synthesis of high-entropy alloy (HEA) nanoparticles with core-shell structures using hydrogen reduction-assisted ultrasonic spray pyrolysis (USP). The focus is on synthesizing nanoparticles with transition metal based CoCuFeNi and CoCuFeNiZn HEA shells over iron oxide cores. The USP method enabled precise control over particle composition and morphology, resulting in spherical nanoparticles with complex core-shell configurations. The first synthesized particles with a CoCuFeNi shell over an Fe3O4 core (Fe3O4@CoCuFeNi) exhibited an average grain size of 144.9 nm. Subsequent synthesis involving the addition of Zn resulted in a CoCuFeNiZn shell over an FeO core (FeO@CoCuFeNiZn). The addition of Zn not only contributed to the shell composition but also modified the type of iron oxide core from Fe3O4 to FeO, increasing the grain size of the nanospheres to an average diameter of 224.4 nm. Electrocatalytic testing showed that Fe3O4@CoCuFeNi exhibited outstanding oxygen evolution reaction (OER) activity in 1 M KOH alkaline media. These nanospheres required overpotentials of 306 mV at 10 mA cm², with a Tafel slope of 61.5 mV dec⁻¹. Meanwhile, FeO@CoCuFeNiZn demonstrated a higher overpotential of 378 mV at 10 mA cm² and a Tafel slope of 65.4 mV dec⁻¹, underlining the influence of zinc addition on catalytic activity. Compared to some other HEAs and commercial IrO2 electrocatalysts, both core-shell nanosphere variants show improved charge transfer and reaction kinetics, underscoring their potential as cost-effective and highly efficient electrocatalysts for sustainable water electrolysis.

The limited space in urban areas often presents a challenge for harnessing renewable energy, particularly solar energy. However, this obstacle can be overcome by using building facades to generate energy. The global energy consumption significantly affected by building, contributing significantly demand and greenhouse gases. These buildings require energy (electrical & thermal) for various processes. Photovoltaic/thermal (PV/T) systems can offer a solution by producing both electrical and thermal energies, simultaneously. The circulating working fluid within the system will reduce the surface temperatures of PV panels and subsequently improving the electrical efficiency. Integrating PV/T systems into building facades, known as building-integrated PV/T (BIPV/T) systems, enables efficient production of energy, enhancing the overall energy consumption of buildings. The aim of the current review is to provide an outline of BIPV/T systems; explaining how they work, their classification, the benefits of their utilization in buildings, and techniques for energy enhancement in buildings. The primary objective of this review is to offer researchers up-to-date information on BIPV/T systems available in the literature. It includes recent published technological advancements in BIPV/T systems, focuses on the cited works and their key areas of interest, and provide readers with a comprehensive and systematic overview of the topic rather than an exhaustive analysis of BIPV/T systems.

Successful Endoscopic Endonasal Trans-Sphenoidal Resection for Pituitary Macro Adenoma with Apoplexy in a Twin Pregnancy: A Case Report.Ujjwal kumar jha1, Pragyan Basnet1 , Sunil kumar Das21Patan Academy of health sciences, Laganakhel lalitpur2General practice and emergency medicine, Rampur hospital, Rampur PalpaAuthors :Dr. sunil kumar das, GPEM Rampur hospital , Rampur, Palpa

Background and Purpose: Hyoscine butylbromide (HBB) has a low oral (PO) bioavailability. Further, limited data on its activity on non-gastrointestinal (GI) smooth muscle spasms after oral dosing are available, meaning its effect outside the GI tract has been questioned. This pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) study, conducted using female rats, aims to cover this gap. Experimental Approach: PK study: HBB and atropine (comparator) were administered PO and IV to rats, and concentrations in plasma, and colon, uterus and urinary bladder (CUB) were measured. PD study-1: Concentration–response (C-R) curves of HBB and atropine (10-9–10-4M) were obtained for carbachol (CCH)-induced (10-5 M) pre-contracted CUB; PD study-2: CUB were pre-incubated with HBB and atropine at maximum concentrations (Cmax) from PK study, and CCH C-R curves (10-9–10-4 M) were obtained; PD study-3: HBB and atropine were administered PO and IV to rats as for PK study, CUB were collected at 0.5 h (IV) and 4 h (PO), and CCH C-R curves (10-9–10-4 M) were obtained. Key Results: PO HBB showed higher Cmax in CUB (192.5, 3.70 and 1.85 ng∙g-1, respectively) than plasma (0.008 ng∙mL-1). HBB and atropine reduced (concentration dependently) CCH-induced contractions in CUB. PO HBB showed highest spasmolytic activity in colon (40%), followed by uterus (30%) and urinary bladder (10%). Conclusion and Implications: This is the first comparative study investigating PO and IV HBB and atropine in GI and non-GI tissues. Despite low bioavailability, PO HBB accumulates and exerts spasmolytic effects outside the GI tract.

A document by Gail Budhu. Click on the document to view its contents.

Background: Surgical site infection (SSI) is a frequent complication following emergency equine laparotomy. It negatively impacts equine welfare, increases treatment costs and is a hospital biosecurity risk justifying investigations of ways to reduce SSI incidence. Objectives: To determine if a sutured-on stent dressing for anaesthetic recovery reduces SSI in horses following emergency laparotomy. Study design: Randomised controlled trial. Methods: Eligible horses undergoing emergency exploratory laparotomy were enrolled. Horses were randomised to have a sutured-on stent dressing (intervention) or standard adhesive textile dressing (control) placed for incisional protection during anaesthetic recovery. Horses were followed up to 90 days postoperatively. Data were analysed according to intention-to-treat principles. Time to SSI (primary outcome) for each group was analysed using a Cox proportional hazard model. Secondary outcomes (SSI during hospitalisation, pyrexia during hospitalisation, days hospitalisation and incisional hernia formation at 90 days) were analysed using Chi-squared tests and a univariable logistic regression model (categorical data) or by comparing means between groups (continuous data). Results: The study included 352 horses (167 intervention group, 185 control group). SSI developed in 101 horses (28.7%) at a mean of 9.7 days (SD 4.6 days). Rate of SSI was not significantly different between intervention and control groups unadjusted (Hazard Ratio [HR] 0.83, 95% CI 0.56 - 1.23, P=0.36) or adjusted for variables significantly associated with rate of SSI (HR 0.88, 95% CI 0.59 – 1.30, P=0.51). There were no significant differences in secondary outcomes between intervention and control groups. Main limitations: This study was performed at a single centre and only evaluated incisional protection for anaesthetic recovery. Conclusions: Use of a sutured-on stent dressing for anaesthetic recovery did not reduce the rate of SSI compared to a textile adhesive dressing. Further RCT are required to investigate efficacy of other interventions on reduction of SSI following emergency laparotomy

Title:

Objective: To evaluate the impact of twin dating by ultrasound-measured crown-rump length (CRL) of the larger (CRL-L), smaller (CRL-S) or mean twin measurement (CRL-M) on the rates of preterm birth (PTB) and detection of fetal growth restriction. Design: A cohort study. Setting: A tertiary fetal medicine centre (London, UK). Population or sample: All twin pregnancies between 1998 and 2023 who underwent ultrasound assessment of first trimester CRL and fetal growth. Methods: Data collection included CRL measurement, estimated fetal weight (EFW), pregnancy outcome and birthweight (BW) for each twin. Pregnancies were retrospectively re-dated by CRL-S, CRL-L and CRL-M. Main outcome measures: Small for gestational age (SGA) <10 th centile and PTB rates. Results: Of the 1129 twin pairs median CRL was 61mm (IQR:56.0-66.0) and 63mm (IQR:58.4-68.9) for the smaller and larger twin respectively with a mean discordance of 4.0%. Prenatal SGA diagnosis occurred in 19.8% and 23.1% of smaller twins when dated by CRL-S and CRL-L respectively. When pregnancies were dated by CRL-M versus CRL-S or CRL-L there was no difference in prenatal SGA diagnosis (p=0.275 and p=0.419); SGA at birth (p=0.132 and p=0.325); or PTB (p=1.00 and p=0.765 respectively). Conclusions: Dating by the smaller, larger or mean-twin CRL doesn’t significantly alter rates of extreme preterm birth, SGA detection or SGA birth. Dating by the mean twin CRL reduces stigmatisation of the smaller twin, alleviating parental anxiety, whilst retaining the utility of accurate gestational age assessment without impacting on clinical outcomes.