Within the vast expanse of computerized language processing, a revolutionary entity known as Large Language Models (LLMs) has emerged, wielding immense power in its capacity to comprehend intricate linguistic patterns and conjure coherent and contextually fitting responses. LLMs are a type of artificial intelligence (AI) that have emerged as powerful tools for a wide range of tasks, including natural language processing (NLP), machine translation, vision applications, and question-answering. This survey provides a comprehensive overview of LLMs, including their history, architecture, training methods, applications, and challenges. We begin by discussing the fundamental concepts of generative AI and the architecture of generative pre-trained transformers (GPT). We then provide an overview of the history of LLMs, their evolution over time, and the different training methods that have been used to train them. We then discuss the wide range of tasks where they are used and also discuss applications of LLMs in different domains, including medicine, education, finance, engineering, media, entertainment, politics, and law. We also discuss how LLMs are shaping the future of AI and their increasing role in scientific discovery, and how they can be used to solve real-world problems. Next, we explore the challenges associated with deploying LLMs in real-world scenarios, including ethical considerations, model biases, interpretability, and computational resource requirements. This survey also highlights techniques for enhancing the robustness and controllability of LLMs and addressing bias, fairness, and quality issues in Generative AI. Finally, we conclude by highlighting the future of LLM research and the challenges that need to be addressed in order to make this technology more reliable and useful. This survey is intended to provide researchers, practitioners, and enthusiasts with a comprehensive understanding of LLMs, their evolution, applications, and challenges. By consolidating the state-of-the-art knowledge in the field, this article is anticipated to serve as a valuable resource for learning the current state-of-the-art as well as further advancements in the development and utilization of LLMs for a wide range of real-world applications. The GitHub repo for this project is available at https://github.com/anas-zafar/LLM-Survey

A systematic Review of YOLO for medical Object Detection (2018 - 2023)

Data generated from sources such as wearable sensors, medical imaging, personal health records, pathology records, and public health organizations have resulted in a  massive information increase in the medical sciences over the last decade. Advances in computational hardware, such as cloud computing, Graphical Processing Units (GPUs), and Tensor  Processing Units (TPUs), provide the means to utilize these data.  Consequently, many Artificial Intelligence (AI)-based methods have been developed to infer from large healthcare data. Here,  we present an overview of recent progress in artificial intelligence  and biosensors in medical and life sciences. We discuss the role  of machine learning in medical imaging, precision medicine,  and biosensors for the Internet of Things (IoT). We review the  most recent advancements in wearable biosensing technologies  that use AI to assist in monitoring bodily electro-physiological  and electro-chemical signals and disease diagnosis, demonstrating  the trend towards personalized medicine with highly effective, inexpensive, and precise point-of-care treatment. Furthermore,  an overview of the advances in computing technologies, such as  accelerated artificial intelligence, edge computing, and federated  learning for medical data, are also documented. Finally, we investigate challenges in data-driven AI approaches, the potential  issues that biosensors and IoT-based healthcare generate, and the distribution shifts that occur among different data modalities,  concluding with an overview of future prospects

This paper presents a novel framework for cooperative trading in a price-maker wind power producer, that participates in the short-term electricity balance markets. In this framework, market price uncertainty is first modeled using a price uncertainty predictor, consisting of ridge regression (RR), nonpooling convolutional neural network (NPCNN), and linear quantile regression (LQR). RR is employed to select the correlated features to the corresponding forecast day, NPCNN is employed to extract the nonlinear features, and LQR is employed to estimate the price uncertainty. Then, an improved firefly algorithm (IFA) is proposed to solve the optimization problem. IFA uses the adaptive moment estimation method to improve the convergence speed and search for the global solution. Finally, the Shapley value is employed for the profit distribution of cooperative power producers. Illustrative examples show the effectiveness of the proposed framework and optimization model

Conversion of one video bitstream to another video bitstream is a challenging task in the heterogeneous transcoder due to different video formats. In this paper, a region of interest (ROI) based super resolution technique is used to convert the lowresolution AVS (audio video standard) video to high definition HEVC (high efficiency video coding) video. Firstly, we classify a low-resolution video frame into small blocks by using visual characteristics, transform coefficients, and motion vector (MV) of a video. These blocks are further classified as blocks of most interest (BOMI), blocks of less interest (BOLI) and blocks of noninterest (BONI). The BONI blocks are considered as background blocks due to less interest in video and remains unchanged during SR process. Secondly, we apply deep learning based super resolution method on low resolution BOMI, and BOLI blocks to enhance the visual quality. The BOMI and BOLI blocks have high attention due to ROI that include some motion and contrast of the objects. The proposed method saves 20% to 30% computational time and obtained appreciable results as compared with full frame based super resolution method. We have tested our method on different official video sequences with resolution of 1K, 2K, and 4K. Our proposed method has an efficient visual performance in contrast to the full frame-based super resolution method.

The Contribution to the 9th European Workshop on Visual Information Processing. The work is focuses on instance relevance estimation process in domain of multiple instance learning.

This is a review paper for the analysis and prediction of lung cancer drug resistance. We explore several computational methods, that can provide, biological insights for the analysis, visualization and prediction of lung cancer drug resistance.

Lung cancer caused by mutations in the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is a major cause of cancer deaths worldwide. EGFR Tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) have been developed, and have shown increased survival rates and quality of life in clinical studies. However, drug resistance is a major issue, and treatment efficacy is lost after about an year. Therefore, predicting the response to targeted therapies for lung cancer patients is a significant research problem. In this work, we address this issue and propose a personalized model to predict the drug-response of lung cancer patients. This model uses clinical information, geometrical properties of the drug binding site, and the binding free energy of the drug-protein complex. The proposed model achieves state of the art performance with 97.5% accuracy, 100% recall, 95% precision, and 96.3% F1-score with a random forest classifier. This model can also be tested on other types of cancer and diseases, and we believe that it may help in taking optimal clinical decisions for treating patients with targeted therapies

The paper presents a model for survival prediction of lung cancer patients

Hyperspectral imaging systems are well established, for satellite, remote sensing and geosciences applications. Recently, the reduction in the cost of hyperspectral sensors and increase in the imaging speed has attracted computer vision scientists to apply hyperspectral imaging to ground based computer vision problems such as material classification, agriculture, chemistry and document image analysis. Hyperspectral imaging has also been explored for face recognition; to tackle the issues of pose and illumination variations by exploiting the richer spectral information of hyperspectral images. In this article, we present a detailed review on the potential of hyperspectral imaging for face recognition. We present hyperspectral image aquisition process and discuss key preprocessing challenges. We also discuss hyperspectral face recognition databases and techniques for feature extraction from the hyperspectral images. Potential future research directions are also highlighted