Diestramima is only distributed in the Oriental realm, and mainly in China. Because they are apterous, these insects are good materials for studying biogeography. In this study, we reconstruct the phylogeny tree of Diestramima species based on maximum likelihood and Bayesian inference based on six genes, and use fossil-based molecular dating and ancestral range estimation to reconstruct the dispersal route. The results of molecular system are highly consistent with the morphological characteristics of these species. The distribution area of a species has an important influence on their interspecific differentiation. Dating and historical biogeography analyses suggest an early Miocene origin of the genus. Some ancestors of the genus Diestramima have been distributed in Guangxi, Yunnan province and other regions of China at this time. In the late Miocene, the genus Diestramima dispersed from the low mountain and hilly areas of Guizhou, Guizhou and Hunan to inland China. With the uplift of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and the drop in temperature in the Neogene leading to the divergence within this genus. Diestramima gradually spread from Guangxi and Yunnan to Chinese inland area. Quaternary glaciation determines their current geographical distribution pattern. Southeast Asia is the most likely original place of the genus Diestramima.

Cricket Velarifictorus micado is widely distributed in East Asia and colonized North America since 1959. It has been reported that they had two modes of life cycle and distributed in southern and northern Asia respectively. Aimed to investigate the biogeographic boundary between the two groups and the causes of differentiation, mitochondrial fragments including COI and CytB were used for phylogenetic analysis, time estimation and demographic analysis. The results showed that, (i) Haplotype network indicated that V. micado has diversified to three lineages based on COI. Individuals with egg diapause lived in northern Asia, whereas those with egg and nymph diapause lived in southern Asia, and the populations colonized North America belongs to the egg diapause group from both North and South Asia. (ii) The molecular chronograms indicated that the first diversification between individuals in the northern and southern Asia occurred during ~0.79 Ma BP in the Middle Pleistocene Transition. The second event occurred in southern individuals during ~0.49 Ma BP, when the glaciers developed in Yulong mountain (Yunnan province). (iii) V. micado has diversified to two main clades based on CytB. The individuals distributed in southern China have not been differentiated. Haplotype network indicated that the egg diapause lived in southern China most possibly originated from Yunnan, where lies at the foot of the Tibetan plateau. Our study suggested that the twice divergence of V. micado co-occurred with tendency of cooling climatic in Asia after the Mid-Pleistocene.