Abstract Background: Epidemiologic studies have reported that dietary acid load is associated with psychological disorders through different pathways. We aimed to examine the association of dietary acid-base load with Psychological Disorders, Sleep and circadian rhythm. Methods: This study was performed on 404 female subjects ≥18 years old. We evaluated potential renal acid load (PRAL), net endogenous acid production (NEAP) score by a valid food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) for Iran of with 147 items. To assess psychological disorders, an Iranian validated version of depression, anxiety, and stress scale (DASS-21) was used. The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) and morning-evening questionnaire (MEQ) were applied to evaluate sleep quality and circadian rhythm status respectively. Results: Considering a wide range of confounding variables, compared with the low adherence, a significant positive association was observed between dietary acid-base load and severe depression (OR PRAL =1.10, 95%CI=1.01-1.19, P=0.02) and (OR NEAP =2.46, 95%CI=1.41-14.61, P=0.02). Women in the high dietary acid base load category had higher anxiety (ORPRAL=1.12,95%CI=1.02-1.23, P=0.01) and (ORNEAP=1.80,95%CI=1.12-10.72, P=0.01). There was a strong positive relationship between dietary acid-base load and sleep disturbance (P<0.05). Additionally, circadian rhythm assessment showed that those with greater commitment to PRAL had 23% higher risk of being completely E-type, while odds of being completely M-type, was decreased by 15% and 12% across higher adherence to PRAL and NEAP. Conclusion: Women with higher dietary acid-base load score had greater odds for depression, anxiety, psychological distress, sleep disturbance and circadian rhythm compared to lower ones.

Background: Prior research has yielded mixed results regarding the impact of acarbose intake on glycemic markers. To provide a more comprehensive analysis, a systematic review and meta-analysis was performed to compile data from various randomized controlled trials (RCTs) examining the effects of acarbose intake on fasting blood sugar (FBS), insulin, hemoglobin A1C (HbA1c), and homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) in adults. Methods: To identify relevant literature up to April 2023, a comprehensive search was conducted on various scholarly databases, including PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus databases. The effect size of the studies was evaluated using a random-effects model to calculate the weighted mean differences (WMD) and 95% confidence intervals (CI). Heterogeneity between studies was assessed using Cochran’s Q test and I2. Results: This systematic review and meta-analysis included a total of 101 RCTs with a total of 107 effect sizes. The effect sizes for FBS in milligrams per deciliter (mg/dl), insulin in picomoles per liter (pmol/l), hemoglobin A1C (HbA1c) in percentage (%), and homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) were 92, 46, 80, and 22, respectively. The pooled analysis indicated that acarbose intake resulted in significant decreases in FBS (p=0.018), insulin (p<0.001), HbA1c (p<0.001), and HOMA-IR (p<0.001). Conclusion: The findings of this systematic review and meta-analysis suggest that acarbose intake can potentially lead to significant improvements in glycemic indices by decreasing the levels of FBS, HbA1c, and insulin. However, larger and more rigorously designed studies are still needed to further evaluate and strengthen this association.

Background: Obesity is a global issue. Energy density (ED) can influence on body compositions (BCs). Consumption of HED (high energy density) foods can increase body fat mass (BFM) and inflammatory markers. Methods: This study was a cross-sectional research among 391 women. Body composition analyzer (BIA) and food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) was used to assess BCs and food intake of individuals. Blood samples and serum level of high-sensitive C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), plasminogen activator inhibitor- 1 (PAI-1) and transforming growth factor-β (TGF-beta) were collected. ED per one gram of foods were calculated and divided to quartiles. Linear logistic regression tests were used to investigate the association between BCs across quartiles of ED intake. Results: Results demonstrate skeletal muscle mass (SMM), total body water (TBW), intracellular water (ICW), fat free mass (FFM), visceral fat area (VFA) and fat free mass index (FFMI) was seem to be under the effect of hs-CRP among ED intakes. TBW, extracellular water (ECW), FFM with PAI-1, bone mineral content (BMC) with PAI-1 and TGF-beta, and Skeletal lean mass (SLM) with hs-CRP were inversely associated. Fat right arm (FRA), fat right arm (FLA), fat right and left leg (FRL,FLL), fat trunk, TBW, ICW, ECW, BFM, FFM, SMM, SLM, waist circumference (WC), FFMI and FMI were positively under the influence of TGF-beta after following higher ED food intakes. FRA, FLA, FRL, FLL, fat trunk, ICW, BFM, SMM, SLM, WC, FFMI and FMI were positively under the influence of PAI-1. Conclusion: All adipose tissue content of subcategories of BC were strongly associated with ED intake in the mediatory role of PAI-1 and TGF-beta.