Pain management has become a prominent global health concern, affecting not only over the aspects of daily existence but also upon the holistic physical well-being. Conventional pain mitigation methods have non-negligible limitations, such as the discomfort caused by needle injections and the low permeability of transdermal drug patches due to the skin barriers. Microneedle-based drug delivery is an emerging technique that utilizes microscopic needles to directly administer medication into the epidermis or dermis, offering the advantages of enhanced efficiency, rapid action, and minimally invasive delivery. Regarding to the analgesic therapy, microneedles are at the forefront, accelerating pain relief by localized delivery of analgesic substances directly to the site of discomfort. The targeted administration effectively reduces the broader dispersion of pharmacological agents within the circulatory system, thereby minimizing the occurrence of systemic adverse effects. This review focuses on the utilization of microneedle technology for both immediate and extended pain relief, its performance in clinical practice, and the prospects and challenges of microneedles in pain management therapy.

Nanomaterial drug delivery systems have become one of the most important targeted therapy technologies. Although great efforts have been made to study the self-assembled mesoscopic structure of nanoparticles and understand drug loading and release mechanisms, the interaction between nanoparticles and cell membranes has not yet been clearly studied. Moreover, the research of experimental methods in this field has been greatly restricted due to its special time-space scale, so it is necessary to apply computer simulations to visualize the cell internalization of the nanoparticle. This review covers modelling methods and the current status and viewpoints of research on the influencing factors of the nanoparticle-biomembrane interaction mechanism. In particular, we discussed in detail the positive and negative effects of various nanoparticle properties. This article may assist researchers in rationally optimize the nanoparticle structure to improve therapeutic efficiency.